Proced. Table 7. doi: 10.1002/sdr.259, Keywords: ocean literacy, system dynamics, simulation based learning environment, SBLE, human-ocean systems, Citation: Brennan C, Ashley M and Molloy O (2019) A System Dynamics Approach to Increasing Ocean Literacy. The tool was designed for a general audience for the purposes of the pilot study but would benefit from being designed to suit more closely one of two main groups: policy makers, and general learners such as adults in the community or schoolchildren. They are able to dive deep into the As discussed in the Evaluation Methodology section, an OL tool is said to be effective if it leads to change, specifically behaviour change. Unfortunately, this is difficult to measure directly; however, it is possible to measure predictors of behaviour. They had only moderate confidence in their knowledge about how coastal tourism affects the marine and the human environment. Taking each dimension in turn, the chart illustrates that: Figure 6. Participants also scored well when recognising a generic Systems structure (a Systems archetype) as applying to other systems (Research Question 2). Front. 108, 116130. Auen herrlich knusprig und Natrlich knnen Sie knusprige Chicken Wings auch fertig mariniert im Supermarkt Panade aus Cornflakes auch fr Ses. Radar chart showing changes in four of the dimensions of Ocean Literacy before and after use of the tool. J. Sci. Sci. According to the definition of Ocean Environmental Awareness proposed by Umuhire and Fang (2016), it includes a readiness to participate in marine environment actions. The information gathered from the survey included location (town or city) and their responses to questions related to their awareness, knowledge, attitude, communication and behaviour in relation to ocean literacy topics. Activism is the degree to which a person engages in activities such as campaigning (for example through social media) to bring about changes in policy, attitudes, behaviour, etc. According to EMSEA, A more informed and concerned public will better understand the need to manage the ocean resources and marine ecosystems in a sustainable way3. The participants took an average of 40 minutes to work through the tool, and another 30 minutes in total filling in pre- and post-test surveys and giving qualitative feedback. Chicken Wings mit Cornflakes paniert ist ein Rezept mit frischen Zutaten aus der Kategorie Hhnchen. A more detailed survey could add more questions for each dimension, which would reduce the error associated with a single question (Phal and Wyles, 2017). (2016). We were not taught the skills we need to see systems of complex cause and effect relationships and unintended impacts.6 She defines Systems literacy as a combination of conceptual knowledge (knowledge of system properties and behaviours) and reasoning skills (the ability to locate situations in wider contexts, see multiple levels of perspective within a system, trace complex interrelationships, look for endogenous or within system influences, be aware of changing behaviour over time, and recognise recurring patterns that exist within a wide variety of systems).. Rev. Examining the relationship between environmental attitudes and behaviour in education programmes. New York, NY: Universe Books. One junior high school student, working with bacteria in a culture and in computer simulation, observed, This is the world population problem, isnt it? [This is the] transfer of insights from one setting to another . Mar. The difference in each OL dimension was then analysed using Cohens d (Cohen, 1988), a statistical measure of the effect size, calculated by taking the difference between the two means and dividing by the pooled standard deviation (i.e., the root mean square of the two standard deviations). A framework was applied and tested in the ResponSEAble project to identify strengths and weaknesses of OL initiatives. Front. The source material is based on the Key Story DAPSIWR analyses documented for the ResponSEAble EU project. 44, 669678. They can include: repeated symbols or themes in literature that characterizes common patterns of human nature, such as, love, religion, death, birth, life, struggle, and survival. ( Archetype Examples and Definition of Archetype.) (2015) showed that there is a correlation between greater human-environment system knowledge and pro-environmental behaviour. Decis. Role of environmental knowledge in creating pro-environmental residents. Questionnaire surveys were conducted with course participants before and after interacting with the OL tool. In the past, the ocean was for many people a remote place, used by a few as a source of food, and as a means of travel. We investigated a number of different approaches, including data visualisation techniques, the use of narratives, storytelling, story maps, guided and/or gradual display of the DAPSIWR, and web-based multimedia. These tables demonstrate that the largest percentage increases were for how often participants intended to communicate about the effects of coastal tourism on the marine and human environment, their intention to take action to reduce the negative effects of coastal tourism (behaviour), and their self-reported level of knowledge about the issues. (2018) found that scientific ecological knowledge alone is not sufficient to advance pro-environmental behaviour. Ocean literacy and systems thinking learning objectives identified (part 1). CB was the principal author of this manuscript. In order to investigate Research Question 2, we drew comparisons between the Coastal Tourism model and Sustainable Fisheries, since both can exhibit the Overshoot and Collapse archetype. 13 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, National Marine Educators Association, 2010, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (2013), Driver, Pressure, State, Impact, Response Framework [DPSIR], 2013, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2013, https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/oceans/, http://www.seachangeproject.eu/seachange-about-2/ocean-literacy, https://thesystemsthinker.com/%ef%bb%bffood-systems-climate-systems-laundry-systems-the-time-for-systems-literacy-is-now/, https://www.oasis-open.org/committees/xmile/, https://www.climateinteractive.org/tools/c-roads/, http://oceanliteracy.wp2.coexploration.org/ocean-literacy-framework/principles-and-concepts/?page_id=1073, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). SD models do support these features. Each survey question was designed to measure one of the OL dimensions (knowledge, attitude, behaviour and so on). In it, users attempt to manipulate three variables in order to bring the system to a sustainable state. Natrlich knnen Sie knusprige Chicken Wings auch fertig mariniert im Supermarkt Panade aus Cornflakes auch fr Ses Wenn Sie als Nachtisch oder auch als Hauptgericht gerne Ses essen, werden Sie auch gefllte Kle mit Pflaumen oder anderem Obst kennen. (2) Use of systems terminology such as stocks and flows, feedback loops: Some participants thought this was off-putting. People who regard themselves as environmentalists may exhibit more environmentally conscious behaviour (Whitmarsh and ONeill, 2010). Educ. OL tool screenshots: description of the Limits to Growth Archetype and its relevance to Coastal Tourism, together with a reinforcing in-tool quiz question; application of the same Archetype to Fisheries, and quiz question to test for recognition in other systems (RQ2). Syst. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2011.07.017, Smetana, L. K., and Bell, R. L. (2012). The letters in the acronym represent Drivers, Activities, Pressures, States, Impacts, Responses and Welfare. They say that the evidence clearly demonstrates the importance of the teacher in providing guidance and support during simulation and may even replace the need for supports embedded in the software, and that simulations used in isolation were found to be ineffective. To influence our understanding of these systems, and thereby increase our OL, means to increase our knowledge of our own and others place and role in the web of interactions. 118. (accessed January 18, 2019). The first The openEHR platform, including the RM, archetypes and templates, represents healthcare information with full meaning and interoperability [2531].In order to help users design good quality archetypes in a friendly and graphical way, there are some free tools available [3234].The archetypes already designed and being internationally Does the teaching of Systems Constructs and Systems Archetypes in particular help learners to transfer their knowledge from one specific Ocean Literacy topic to another? Responses showed an increase in the number of issues participants were aware of post-survey, a greater emphasis on the need for sustainability and investment in the environment (Figure 7, second question). Learning to recognise similar patterns of structure and behaviour occurring in different systems is a core ST skill. Chicken Wings werden zunchst frittiert, und zwar ohne Panade. (3) Different needs of different types of user, from general public to technical: For general users with no knowledge of ST/SD it might be hard for them to stay focused all the way to the last page. The most interesting suggestion was that it should be possible, after attempting the task, to display a pre-prepared answer (variables would be set for a sustainable outcome, visible on the graphs). Clim. Models need to be thoroughly tested at the extremes in order to avoid causing potential confusion for learners. The stock and flow model created is then typically built and simulated using computer software. The causal loop diagram, a qualitative conceptual map, is then usually transformed into a stock and flow diagram to create a more detailed quantitative analysis. Mar. Modeling the Environment: an Introduction to System Dynamics Models of Environmental Systems. It can be a human, an object, or a particular set of behaviors, but the point is that it fits into a time-tested mold that embodies a pure form. Richmond, B. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.01.003, Wolstenholme, E. F. (2003). The Ocean and River Woman Archetype represents a surrender of the ego in order to live from love. 16, 249286. Kuhn, T. S. (1962). 123. And DPSIR begat DAPSI(W)R(M)! - A unifying framework for marine environmental management. Environ. It also facilitates more effective communication with others. WebOcean/Sea Demon Properties As an archetype, a Sea Demon is a demonic sea spirit who represents or is associated with the violent seas, water, drowning at sea, and being lost at sea. Life's journey, passage of time; renewal, rebirth, transformation; passing into the Syst. Sci. They also scored better than expected (11/15 correct) when identifying systems with similar structure (archetype) (RQ2). Taken together with participants comments on this topic, outlined in the next section, this suggests an area for improvement in the tool. Sustainability 7, 1551015526. It is powerful enough to lead to the collapse not only of environmental quality, but also to tourism at the resort under some conditions. This suggests that it will be worthwhile to investigate further the possibility that ST and SD can be used to create effective educational tools for increasing OL (Research Question 1). Each dimension is measured independently, and an individual can have different levels in different dimensions. These results provide motivation for further research. OL tool screenshots: simulation showing two key stocks and a key variable, together with a reinforcing in-tool quiz question; feedback loops explained using Causal Loop diagrams, both in the context of Coastal Tourism, and in general System Thinking terms (RQ1). The concept of Systems Literacy is closely related to that of ST. Arnold and Wade (2015) review various definitions of ST and its key components. Where answers for a particular question were given on a scale from 0 to 10, the mean of answers from all the participants was calculated, before and after interaction with the tool. (4) Visual versus textual content: A number of participants wanted more visual material (video, animation or slideshow with voiceover), instead of long sections of text and static diagrams. The table shows that the effect on knowledge, communication and (intended) behaviour was very large, and that on barrier removal and attitude was moderate. Thinking in Systems: A Primer. Liebhaber von Sem werden auch die Variante mit einem Kern aus Schokolade schtzen. 0.20 is considered a small effect, 0.50 is medium, 0.80 is large, and >1.20 is very large. Behav. Cronin, M. A., Gonzalez, C., and Sterman, J. D. (2009). The test case was Coastal Tourism. They represent the male and female archetypesthe Sun shows how we project our will and the Moon shows our personality and emotional nature. Sections should not be too long. Darum versucht beim Metzger grere Hhnerflgel zu ergattern. Stud. Follow-up surveys, to identify whether participants have undertaken intended behaviours, together with enabling and inhibiting factors, would provide valuable data on long term behaviour change. This can range from casual conversations, to promoting discussions and ideas on social media to engaging in social activism. Unfortunately there is no absolute scale on which we can measure these OL dimensions, so normally we are more interested in tracking shifts or changes in peoples knowledge, attitude, awareness, communication, behaviour and activism. Zooxanthellae are microscopic, photosynthetic algae that reside inside the coral. Bossel, H. (2007). In einer einzigen Schicht in die Luftfritteuse geben und kochen, bis die Haut knusprig ist ca. Awareness of consequences (knowledge about impacts). OL tool screenshot: illustration of changing the system structure for sustainability, and a simulation giving users an opportunity to practise bringing the system into a sustainable state by manipulating model variables (RQ3). Chicken Wings bestellen Sie am besten bei Ihrem Metzger des Vertrauens. Given the need for greater public understanding of marine issues, and for a basic level of Systems literacy needed to underpin this, we created an online OL tool that was designed to teach ocean issues and the necessary System concepts together, to a general audience. Simulation-based learning: open questions and guidelines for the instructionally effective use of simulation. Each survey question addressed an objective within the Theory of Change framework and therefore an OL dimension. Arnold, R. D., and Wade, J. P. (2015). Trennen Sie den flachen Teil des Flgels von den Trommeln, schneiden Sie die Spitzen ab und tupfen Sie ihn mit Papiertchern trocken. This research was carried out as part of the project ResponSEAble (Project No. Methods. At times, the ocean is full of turbulence or death, as seen in flood stories, from Gilgamesh to the tale of Noahs ark. When confronted with unknown variables, like (1994). 40, 777797. For the ResponSEAble project, the DAPSIWR framework was used to create causal models of six key topics or stories, including Coastal Tourism and Sustainable Fisheries. Feedback loops and time delays are identified. However, correlation does not imply causation, as numerous other studies have shown. doi: 10.1002/sdr.261, Sterman, J. D. (2011). Behaviour relates to decisions, choices, actions, and habits with respect to ocean related issues. The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Romes Project on the Predicament of Mankind. Applying a Theory of Change Approach, in New Approaches to Evaluating Community Initiatives Theory, Measurement, and Analysis, eds K. Fulbright Anderson, A. C. Kubisch, and J. P. Connell (Washington, DC: Aspen Institute). The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. OM was the secondary author and the leader of the work package under which this research was conducted. Meadows, D. H. (2008). 3:177. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2016.00177, Phal, S., and Wyles, K. J. Johnson and inera (2015) found in their work with schoolchildren that attitude change was the primary factor in promoting environmental behaviour, while knowledge alone does not often change what people do in reality. In this paper we describe a pilot study centred on a browser-based Simulation-Based Learning Environment (SBLE) designed for a general audience that uses System Dynamics simulation to introduce and reinforce systems-based OL learning. The post-survey contained additional questions to gather opinions about the usefulness of the simulations and the tool itself. Linda Booth-Sweeney argues that most of us were taught that the best way to understand a subject was to analyse it or break it up into parts. Environ. In essence, ST is the ability to understand, represent, predict and manage dynamic complexity, i.e., behaviour that arises from the interaction of a systems parts over time. Of the various ways to model complex systems, SD seems to us to be most suitable, since such models have been used successfully to examine complex social, managerial, economic, and ecological problems. 34, 13371370. The reason behind this is obvious It may be useful to provide a detailed model for a specific coastal resort so that concrete figures and scales can be displayed. Why try to solve each problem as if it is brand new, when tried-and-tested reusable solutions exist? Syst. KFC war mal! Human-environment system knowledge: a correlate of pro-environmental behavior. As an archetype, a ruler of the ocean can be a deity, ocean lord or immortal -type being who rules the realm of the seas, a world under ocean. A key aim of the tool is that by interacting with simulations, users will develop transferable critical thinking skills that both increase their understanding of dynamic behaviour, and provide insight into how to change system behaviour. Rete. The last simulation in the series attracted a lot of positive comment. (accessed January 18, 2019). Table 1. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Survey design in this study was kept relatively simple, in that a limited number of questions were used to assess each dimension of the predictors of behaviour change. Given the many ways that human actors interact with the ocean, an understanding of multiple perspectives, interrelationships and dependencies is needed. The model includes equations defining flows over time, and initial stock levels and parameters. If this is not feasible, manipulation of an existing simulation offers an alternative. It is worth noting that the relatively low (18%) increase in how concerned participants felt about the effects of coastal tourism on the marine environment (attitude) does not mean that the tool was less successful in this regard, since the pre-test level of concern was higher than for all the other OL dimensions. Hum. XMILE is the emerging standard for storing and sharing SD models. Other questions were designed to elicit qualitative responses relating to current coastal holidaymaking behaviour, awareness of problems with coastal tourism and understanding of the concept of sustainability. Forrester, J. W. (1961). Hartford: Chelsea Green Publishing. The PRECEDE-PROCEED model is a step-by-step planning and evaluation model, originally aimed at directing behaviour change processes in health promotion. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. (2012). They are useful for showing general dynamic trends but some users commented on the lack of y-axis scales on some graphs, and the lack of concrete figures. Knusprige Chicken Wings - Rezept. It is not a calibrated model based on empirical data for a specific coastal tourism resort over a particular period in time; rather, it is an illustrative, qualitative model, suitable for teaching the main structures and dynamics of a typical coastal tourism system. It is unique in using online simulation of a SD model as part of an OL tool. Rev. They represent knowledge, and are a relatively stable cognitive structure. In this series, I am exploring all of the 12 Jungian archetypes through self-portraits and music.