Flashcards. Finland's main objective was to regain territory lost to the Soviet Union in the Winter War. When Eli spoke, he looked as if he was completely confident of his position. The term Axis Powers came to include Japan as well. [21] Mussolini was outraged as he held Hitler directly responsible for the assassination that violated Hitler's promise made only weeks ago to respect Austrian independence. Apush Chapter 24. Rome-Berlin Axis a military and political alliance between fascist Germany and Italy, formalized by the Berlin Agreement of Oct. 25, 1936. Rome-Berlin Axis L: (1936) The Rome-Berlin Axis was the close cooperation between Italy and Germany, and soon after Japan joined, believing that an alliance with the Fascist powers of Europe would give them the strategic pull to obtain more territory in the Asian theater. Parts of the former Yugoslavia were annexed to Hungary; the United Kingdom immediately broke off diplomatic relations in response. Hitler demanded that Mussolini compromise on Austria by pressuring Dollfuss to appoint Austrian Nazis to his cabinet, to which Mussolini flatly refused the demand. On September 27, 1940, the Axis powers are formed as Germany, Italy and Japan become allies with the signing of the Tripartite Pact in Berlin. [33] In ideological terms, the Axis described their goals as breaking the hegemony of the plutocratic Western powers and defending civilization from Communism. Popularly known as the GI Bill, legislation authorizing the government to provide World War II veterans with funds for education, housing, and heath care, as well as loans to start businesses and buy homes. Since Japan had made the first move, Germany and Italy were not obliged to aid her until the United States counterattacked. The Japanese government justified its actions by claiming that it was seeking to unite East Asia under Japanese leadership in a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere that would free East Asians from domination and rule by clients of Western powers. Europe, 18901945. The Poles fully annexed them following the Munich Agreement. Relations between Germany and Italy recovered due to Hitler's support of Italy's invasion of Ethiopia in 1935, while other countries condemned the invasion and advocated sanctions against Italy. The Bulgarian forces in these areas spent the following years fighting various nationalist groups and resistance movements. Racial laws were introduced in all occupied territories with immediate effects on Jews and Roma people, as well as causing the imprisonment of those opposed to Nazism. Over 500,000 soldiers served on the Eastern Front. In 1941 during the Italian invasion of Greece, Mussolini requested that Germany invade Yugoslavia to save the Italian forces in Greece. [34] Creation of territorially contiguous autarkic empires was a common goal of all three major Axis powers. [71][72], On 25 July 1943, following the Allied invasion of Sicily, King Victor Emmanuel III dismissed Mussolini, placed him under arrest, and began secret negotiations with the Western Allies. Japan's expansionist policies alienated it from other countries in the League of Nations and by the mid-1930s brought it closer to Germany and Italy, who had both pursued similar expansionist policies. Neither did Hitler accept that France could ever become a full military partner,[169] and constantly prevented the buildup of Vichy's military strength. Some of these governments declared themselves to be neutral in the conflict with the allies, or never concluded any formal alliance with the Axis powers, but their effective control by the Axis powers rendered them in reality an extension of it and hence part of it. Match. Nedi was captured by the Americans when they occupied the former territory of Austria, and was subsequently handed over to the Yugoslav communist authorities to act as a witness against war criminals, on the understanding he would be returned to American custody to face trial by the Allies. [39], Among the three major Axis powers, Japan had the lowest per capita income, while Germany and Italy had an income level comparable to the United Kingdom. Public opinion was favourable to Phibun, as he was thought to have done his best to protect Thai interests. Romanian troops fought their way into the Crimea alongside German troops and contributed significantly to the Siege of Sevastopol. [10] He believed that Italy could expand its influence in Europe by allying with Germany against France. Finland was one of Germany's most important allies in its war with the USSR.[112]. Soon after, Emperor Bo i voided the 1884 treaty with France and Trn Trng Kim, a historian, became prime minister. Churchill, Winston (1950). Stephen J. Lee. In some cases, you will need to change the form of the verb to make the sentence correct. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [8], Italy under Duce Benito Mussolini had pursued a strategic alliance of Italy with Germany against France since the early 1920s. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Praeger Publishers, 1997. pp. From late 1940 Hitler sought a non-aggression pact with Yugoslavia. Paulus thus modified the Hungarian plan and kept their troops west of the Tisza.[99]. The August 1939 MolotovRibbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union contained a secret protocol dividing much of eastern Europe and assigning Finland to the Soviet sphere of influence. They also invaded Malaya and Hong Kong. Hitler would also begin to free Germanyfrom the restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles and Anglo-French encirclement. They saw the extermination and expulsion or deportation of Serbs as necessary to racially purify Croatia. iUniverse, 2006. p. 271. herrera family durango, mexico . An ambitious rearmament program was impossible because of Italy's limited reserves in gold and foreign currencies and lack of raw materials. The General Government in occupied Poland was a fully German administration. Germany's campaign during World War II to exterminate all Jews living in German-controlled lands, along with other groups the Nazis deemed "undesirables." Quisling encouraged Norwegians to serve as volunteers in the Waffen-SS, collaborated in the deportation of Jews, and was responsible for the executions of members of the Norwegian resistance movement. The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was created from the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia. [178] Albania was completely liberated on November 29, 1944. These taxes on personal incomes and business profits paid half the cost of World War II. [20] In response to Gring's visit with Mussolini, Dollfuss immediately went to Italy to counter any German diplomatic headway. At its peak, Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere included Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, large parts of China, Malaysia, French Indochina, the Dutch East Indies, the Philippines, Burma, a small part of India, and various Pacific Islands in the central Pacific. Manchukuo signed the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1939, but never signed the Tripartite Pact. Hitler's Germany: Origins, Interpretations, Legacies. Omissions? [50], Germany justified its invasion of the Low Countries of Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands in May 1940 by claiming that it suspected that Britain and France were preparing to use the Low Countries to launch an invasion of the industrial Ruhr region of Germany. University of Michigan Press, 1997. p. 109. [150] For example, writing in 1945, the American politician Clare Boothe Luce described Thailand as "undeniably an Axis country" during the war.[151]. A draft agreement between Germany and Austria was submitted to Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, whose approval was obtained on June 5. Declarations of neutrality must be ignored". Japan sought to avoid war with the Soviet Union by signing a non-aggression pact with it in 1941. "[27] Initially Japan's attitude towards Italy's proposal was generally dismissive, viewing a GermanJapanese alliance against the Soviet Union as imperative while regarding an Italo-Japanese alliance as secondary, as Japan anticipated that an Italo-Japanese alliance would antagonize Britain that had condemned Italy's invasion of Ethiopia. [79] This threat of retaliation by Japan to the total trade embargo by the United States was known by the American government, including American Secretary of State Cordell Hull who was negotiating with the Japanese to avoid a war, fearing that the total embargo would pre-empt a Japanese attack on the Dutch East Indies.[80]. Some word pairs will be antonyms, some will be synonyms, and some will be words often used in the same context. German political party led by Adolf Hitler, who became chancellor of Germany in 1933. 1100 Millecento Brickell / 1100 South Miami Ave. best south shore long island towns; matt hodgson basketball wife; valentine's day chocolate covered strawberries near me. [152] On 21 December 1941, a military alliance with Japan was signed and on 25 January 1942, Sang Phathanothai read over the radio Thailand's formal declaration of war on the United Kingdom and the United States. Most of them died, including many who were murdered outright after the end of the fighting as they were returning home. During the Anglo-Iraqi War of May 1941, Vichy France allowed Germany and Italy to use air bases in the French mandate of Syria to support the Iraqi revolt. [184] On the date of Japanese surrender, a new government was proclaimed with Son Ngoc Thanh as prime minister. [86] Many people sympathized with the anti-Semitic policy of the Nazi regime. Some members of the Vichy government pushed for closer cooperation, but they were rebuffed by Ptain. An agreement formulated by Italy's foreign minister Galeazzo Ciano informally linking the two fascist countries was reached on October 25, 1936. William Young. p. 10. The United States went to war against fascism when it faced Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler and Italy under Benito Mussolini during World War II. The Ba Maw government mobilised Burmese society during the war to support the Axis war-effort.[145]. Drljevic was expelled from Montenegro in October 1941. Terms in this set (7) Between. This action remained largely symbolic (at least from the Bulgarian perspective), until August 1943, when Bulgarian air defense and air force attacked Allied bombers, returning (heavily damaged) from a mission over the Romanian oil refineries. Most of the support it had initially gained by creating a Croatian national state was lost because of the brutal practices it used.[93]. The upshot of the Russo-Japanese talks was a Japanese-Soviet Neutrality Pact, signed on 13 April 1941. This totalitarian menace saw its ultimate expression with the signing of the Tripartite Pact in 1940 between Germany, Italy, and Japan -- known as the Axis powers. In March/April 1939 Italian troops invaded and annexed Albania. The exact number of victims of the Ustae regime is uncertain due to the destruction of documents and varying numbers given by historians. The Axis powers,[nb 1] originally called the RomeBerlin Axis,[1] was a military coalition that initiated World War II and fought against the Allies. He gave his approval for the attack on Pearl Harbor and played a major role in Japan's military decisions until he resigned in 1944, made the first nonstop solo flight across the Atlantic. fordham university counseling psychology; rome berlin axis apush significance In June 1943, the formerly Vichy-loyal colonial authorities in French North Africa led by Henri Giraud came to an agreement with the Free French to merge with their own interim regime with the French National Committee (Comit Franais National, CFN) to form a provisional government in Algiers, known as the French Committee of National Liberation (Comit Franais de Libration Nationale, CFLN) initially led by Darlan. This, combined with Western Allied landings in France and Italy, led to a three-front war that depleted Germany's armed forces and resulted in Germany's defeat in 1945. Afterwards, in late 1944, 437,000 Jews were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau, most of them to their deaths. The German army entered Paris on 14 June 1940, following the battle of France. Horthy was forced to abdicate after German commandos, led by Colonel Otto Skorzeny, held his son hostage as part of Operation Panzerfaust. These puppet states achieved varying degrees of international recognition. [42] The German government also justified its actions by claiming that Germany inevitably needed to territorially expand because it was facing an overpopulation crisis that Hitler described: "We are overpopulated and cannot feed ourselves from our own resources". 55, No. p. 237. [39] As a result, Italian and Japanese mobilization remained low, even by 1943. In Africa the Vichy regime was permitted to maintain 127,000. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the Bulgarian government declared war on the Western Allies. The Last European War: September 1939 December 1941. p. 116. The two signatories promised to "keep each other informed concerning the activities of the Communist International," to "confer upon the necessary measures for defense," and to "carry out such measures in close cooperation." [83] Commander of the Combined Fleet Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto was outspoken in his opposition, especially after the signing of the Tripartite Pact, saying on 14 October 1940: "To fight the United States is like fighting the whole world. Its jurisdiction was effectively limited to an ever-narrowing band of territory in central Hungary, around Budapest since by the time they took power the Red Army was already far inside the country. It was nominally ruled by Puyi, the last Chinese Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, but was in fact controlled by the Japanese military, in particular the Kwantung Army. Hitlers tirades against bolshevism were delivered not only in order to justify German intervention on the side of the fascist-oriented Falange in the Spanish Civil War (193639) but also to prepare the ground for alliance with Japan, where nationalism and militarism had been ascendant since Japans occupation of Manchuria. Learn. During fighting between Iraqi and British forces Axis forces were deployed to Iraq to support the Iraqis. [143] The Falange Exterior, the international department of the Falange, collaborated with Japanese forces against the United States Armed Forces and the Philippine Commonwealth Army in the Philippines through the Philippine Falange.[144]. When the King of Italy ousted Mussolini from power and Italy capitulated, the NDH became completely under German influence. As Ambassador Grew pointed Three Power Treaty was "a Japanese gamble on the defeat of Germany." Britain's new prime minister during WWII who pleaded for US aid. Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia 2004, Volume 4. Although the French had told Churchill they would not allow their fleet to be taken by the Germans, the British launched naval attacks intended to prevent the French navy being used, the most notable of which was the attack on the Algerian harbour of Mers el-Kebir on 3 July 1940. The Empire of Japan created a number of client states in the areas occupied by its military, beginning with the creation of Manchukuo in 1932. The Tripartite Pact is signed by Germany, Italy and Japan In each of the following sentences, underline each indirect object. An estimated 120,000 people were interned in German-run concentration camps in Nedi's Serbia between 1941 and 1944. Bulgaria was allowed to keep Southern Dobruja, but had to give up all claims to Greek and Yugoslav territory. [19] Hitler responded in contempt to Mussolini that he intended "to throw Dollfuss into the sea". At the end of World War I, German citizens felt that their country had been humiliated as a result of the Treaty of Versailles, which included a war guilt clause and forced Germany to pay enormous reparations payments and forfeit territories formerly controlled by the German Empire and all its colonies. Some of these countries were puppet states established by the Axis Powers themselves. rome berlin axis apush significance - Lkcjagdamba.com This pact emphasized the ideological union of Germany, Italy and Japan against the spread of communism. margargaret. This was extended (Sept., 1940) by a military alliance among Germany, Italy, and Japanthe so-called Berlin Pact, to which Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia, and Croatia . PLAY. Rome berlin axis in 1936 hitler and mussolini allied - Course Hero Wesport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997. p. 78. Christian Leitz. [63] Croatian separatism soared after the assassination of Croatian political leaders in the National Assembly of Yugoslavia in 1928 including the death of Stjepan Radi, and Italy endorsed Croatian separatist Ante Paveli and his fascist Ustae movement that was based and trained in Italy with the Fascist regime's support prior to intervention against Yugoslavia.[63]. Native Americans soldiers trained to use native languages to send messages in battle during World War II. This began a progressive deterioration of the collaborations between Germany and Italy which ended in an enslavement of Italian Social Republic by the Nazis. Later, Romanian mountain troops joined the German campaign in the Caucasus, reaching as far as Nalchik. They had to accept "protection by the Reich" and the stationing of German forces in exchange for nominal independence. These and other export goods transported through Soviet and occupied Polish territories allowed Germany to circumvent the British naval blockade. Interest in Germany and Japan in forming an alliance began when Japanese diplomat Oshima Hiroshi visited Joachim von Ribbentrop in Berlin in 1935. I have therefore decided to move forward in the Middle East by supporting Iraq. [114] However the United States and Britain ignored Denmark and worked with Henrik Kauffmann Denmark's ambassador in the US when it came to dealings about using Iceland, Greenland, and the Danish merchant fleet against Germany.[115][116]. The next day, Paveli signed the Contracts of Rome with Mussolini, ceding Dalmatia to Italy and fixing the permanent borders between the NDH and Italy. Threats or direct acts of aggression were the order of the day in Europe and Asia. The meeting did not proceed amicably. It was formalized by the Pact of Steel in 1939. Neither the Japanese nor the Germans could decipher the codes used by these Navajo, Comanche, Choctaw, and Cherokee speakers, and the messages they sent gave the Allies great advantage in the battle of Iwo Jima, among others. [52] Initially the proposal to support an anti-communist Russian army was met with outright rejection by Hitler, however by 1944 as Germany faced mounting losses on the Eastern Front, Vlasov's forces were recognized by Germany as an ally, particularly by Reichsfhrer-SS Heinrich Himmler. [123] As such, Finland was the only democracy to join the Axis. Hungary refused to participate in Nazi Germany's planned invasion of Czechoslovakia during the Sudenten Crisis, but after the Munich Agreement carried out a diplomatic rapprochement in order to avoid Germany developing too close of an alliance with Hungary's rival Romania. Several of the young princes of Inner Mongolia began to agitate for greater freedom from the central government, and it was through these men that Japanese saw their best chance of exploiting Pan-Mongol nationalism and eventually seizing control of Outer Mongolia from the Soviet Union. Neutrality Act of 1935 Legislation that sought to avoid entanglement in foreign wars while protecting trade. Common Destiny: Dictatorship, Foreign Policy, and War in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. Romanian troops in the Crimea helped repulse initial Soviet landings, but eventually all of the peninsula was re-conquered by Soviet forces and the Romanian Navy evacuated over 100,000 German and Romanian troops, an achievement which earned Romanian Admiral Horia Macellariu the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. [20], In June 1934, Hitler and Mussolini met for the first time, in Venice. The Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east on 17 September and on 28 September signed a secret treaty with Nazi Germany to coordinate fighting against the Polish resistance. The government had a strained relationship with the Japanese from the beginning. [27] This attitude by Japan towards Italy altered in 1937 after the League of Nations condemned Japan for aggression in China and faced international isolation, while Italy remained favourable to Japan. The Rome-Berlin Axis is a 1949 book by British historian Elizabeth Wiskemann. [194] Franklin D. Roosevelt had said in his Fireside Chat on 9 December 1941, 2 days before the European Axis powers formally declared war on America, that Germany and Italy already considered themselves to be in a state of war with the United States. The Kingdom of Bulgaria was ruled by sar Boris III when it signed the Tripartite Pact on 1 March 1941. The Slovak Republic under President Josef Tiso signed the Tripartite Pact on 24 November 1940. His senior military leadership unanimously opposed the action because Italy was unprepared. Under the terms of the armistice, Finland was obliged to expel German troops from Finnish territory, which resulted in the Lapland War. Denmark coordinated its foreign policy with Germany, extending diplomatic recognition to Axis collaborator and puppet regimes, and breaking diplomatic relations with the Allied governments-in-exile. Following the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the independence of Manchukuo was proclaimed on 18 February 1932, with Puyi as head of state. Serbia became the second country in Europe, following Estonia, to be proclaimed Judenfrei (free of Jews). It also was a gamble Japan and Germany that the declaration of an Axis alliance would keep the States out of the war; or that if were to enter the war, her delay in preparation would enable each of the Axis partners to secure victory in its own sphere before America's industrial potential might be brought to bear in the conflict. [193] On the other hand, American destroyers escorting convoys had been effectively intervening in the Battle of the Atlantic with German and Italian ships and submarines, and the immediate war declaration made the Second Happy Time possible for U-boats. The relationship between Finland and Germany was also affected by the Ryti-Ribbentrop Agreement, which was presented as a German condition for help with munitions and air support, as the Soviet offensive coordinated with D-Day threatened Finland with complete occupation. In the sentences below, draw a line through any incorrect verb form and write above it the During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Japan advanced from its bases in Manchuria to occupy much of East and Central China. [168] The French also maintained substantial garrisons at the French-mandate territory of Syria and Greater Lebanon, the French colony of Madagascar, and in French Somaliland. Routledge, 1996. p. 97. These measures however did not prevent the Soviet Union from declaring war on Bulgaria on 5 September, and on 8 September the Red Army marched into the country, meeting no resistance. [139] The Spanish government secretly held expansionist plans towards Portugal that it made known to the German government. Itthereby released German troops for use in other theaters of operation. "[175]. [131] Finnish defenses prevented an all-out invasion, resulting in an interim peace, but Finland was forced to cede strategically important border areas near Leningrad. Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact on November 25, 1936. While Hitler and the Nazi party before taking power openly talked about destroying Poland and were hostile to Poles, after gaining power until February 1939 Hitler tried to conceal his true intentions towards Poland, and signed a 10-year Non-Aggression Pact in 1934, revealing his plans to only to his closest associates. Hungary was reorganized following Horthy's abdication in December 1944 into a totalitarian regime called the Government of National Unity, led by Ferenc Szlasi. Legislation that sought to avoid entanglement in foreign wars while protecting trade. Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, 19181940. It was revived by the Indian Independence League with Japanese support in 1942 after the ex-PoWs and Indian civilians in South-east Asia agreed to participate in the INA venture on the condition it was led by Bose. It was appointed by the German Military Commander in Serbia and operated from 29 August 1941 to October 1944. The Ustae perceived Serbs to be racially inferior to Croats and saw them as infiltrators who were occupying Croatian lands. On 25 March 1941, fearing that Yugoslavia would be invaded otherwise, the Yugoslav government signed the Tripartite Pact with significant reservations. Romania was subsequently used as a platform for invasions of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. After Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, the Nazi regime's stance towards an independent, territorially-reduced Russia was affected by pressure beginning in 1942 from the German Army on Hitler to endorse a "Russian Liberation Army" led by Andrey Vlasov. The three pacts formed the foundation of the Axis alliance.[3]. [111] During the Jassy-Kishinev Offensive of August 1944, Romania switched sides on August 23, 1944. In some cases these bilateral agreements were formalised, in other cases it was less formal. During the 1930s, because of traditional right-wing elements, Bulgaria drew closer to Nazi Germany. The United Kingdom (excluding its colonies) had a population of 47.5million and France (excluding its colonies) 42million. Italy was ill-prepared for war, in spite of the fact that it had continuously been involved in conflict since 1935, first with Ethiopia in 19351936 and then in the Spanish Civil War on the side of Francisco Franco's Nationalists. "The Axis" and "Rome-Berlin Axis" redirect here. Cooperation between Japan and Germany began with the Anti-Comintern Pact, in which the two countries agreed to ally to challenge any attack by the Soviet Union. Romanian troops then fought alongside the Soviet Army until the end of the war, reaching as far as Czechoslovakia and Austria. [32], The Axis powers' primary goal was territorial expansion at the expense of their neighbors. King Ssavngvong was detained by the Japanese, and forced to issue a declaration of independence, albeit one that does not appear to have ever been formalised. [106] Romania had also been a major power in the oil industry since the 1800s. Test. According to Article 3 of the Treaty the three parties agreed "to cooperate in their efforts on the aforesaid lines," and they further undertook "to assist one another with all political, economic, and military means when one of the three Contracting Parties is attacked by a power at present not involved in the European war or in the Sino-Japanese Conflict." Study of Crisis. On 25 May 1941, the Germans stepped up offensive operations in the Middle East. Yugoslavia was largely surrounded by members of the pact and now bordered the German Reich. Wesport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997. p. 82. The Finnish War-Responsibility Trial, 19451946", "Historian professorit hautaavat pitkt kiistat", "Military Expediency: A Determining Factor in the Japanese Policy regarding Burmese Independence", "The Commemorative Character of Thai Historiography: The 1942-43 Thai Military Campaign in the Shan States Depicted as a Story of National Salvation and the Restoration of Thai Independence", "British and American Influence in Post-War Thailand", "Avalon Project Nazi-Soviet Relations 19391941", Albert Lebrun's biography, French Republic Presidential official website, "Prince Phetsarath (1890-1959): Nationalism and Royalty in the Making of Modern Laos", "Historian: FDR probably engineered famous WWII plans leak", "BBC On This Day 11 1941: Germany and Italy declare war on US", Silent movie of the signing of The Tripartite Pact, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland, National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party, British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women, Fdration d'action nationale et europenne, Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation, National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom), National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands, National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden), National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark, Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists, German National Movement in Liechtenstein, German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia), Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party, United Hungarian National Socialist Party, Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit, Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party, National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement, An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus, The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia, Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics, Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund fr Leibesbungen, Union of Young Fascists Vanguard (boys), Union of Young Fascists Vanguard (girls), National Socialist German Students' League, Persecution of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axis_powers&oldid=1142617643, Articles containing Italian-language text, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2012, Articles with Danish-language sources (da), Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2021, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 12:32.
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