He was, however, defeated. Primary sources can include: Texts of laws and other original documents. "[132] The majority of the proscribed had not been enemies of Sulla, but instead were killed for their property, which was confiscated and auctioned off. Primary sources how to use them | Services to Schools In 89BC, one of the tribunes of the plebs passed the lex Plautia Papiria, which granted citizenship to all of the allies (with exception for the Samnites and Lucanians still under arms). Cinna violently quarrelled with his co-consul, Gnaeus Octavius. The cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp. Plutarch - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy To make primary texts readily available for classroom use, they selected important . Encyclopedias. [111], The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests for Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. Lucius Cornelius Sulla | UNRV Roman History Primary Source Set World War I - Library of Congress Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) was triggered by an attempt to strip him of the command against Mithridates and saw Sulla become the first Roman to lead an army against the city for four hundred years. Sulla retained his earlier reforms, which required senatorial approval before any bill could be submitted to the Plebeian Council (the principal popular assembly), and which had also restored the older, more aristocratic "Servian" organization to the Centuriate Assembly (assembly of soldiers). 107/14 The dissolute lifestyle of L.Sulla, as a young man. Tip: If you are unsure if a source you have found is primary, talk to your instructor, librarian, or archivist. Primary source is a term used in a number of disciplines to describe source material that is closest to the person, information, period, or idea being studied. Sulla hurried in full force towards Rome and there fought the Battle of the Colline Gate on the afternoon of 1 November 82BC. In art, literature, and cultural studies, primary sources . [citation needed]. [100], In the summer of 86BC, two major battles were fought in Boeotia. Having exhausted available provisions near Athens, doing so was both necessary to ensure the survival of his army and also to relieve a brigade of six thousand men cut off in Thessaly. Historians to Sulla's dictatorship such as Livy (From the Founding of the City) and Appian (Roman History, especially the section regarding the Civil Wars) include additional details of Marius' life during the Social War while other sources list brief statements of note. He left one of his allies, Quintus Lucretius Afella to maintain the siege at Praeneste and moved for Rome. The Pros and Cons of Teaching with Primary Sources - ProQuest [118], For 82BC, the consular elections returned Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, in his third consulship, with the younger Gaius Marius, the son of the seven-time consul, who was then twenty-six. Demanding transfer to Catulus' (Marius' consular colleague) army, he received it. [citation needed], Sulla became embroiled in a political fight against one of the plebeian tribunes, Publius Sulpicius Rufus, on the matter of how the new Italian citizens were to be distributed into the Roman tribes for purposes of voting. You can use the following terms to search HOLLIS for primary sources:. This distinction is important because it will affect how you understand these sources. Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. [6] Keaveney places his departure to 93. PDF 1 Marius' Mules: Paving the Path to Power Mary Wright Seminar Paper [87], Sulla's ability to use military force against his own countrymen was "in many ways a continuation of the Social War a civil war between former allies and friends developed into a civil war between citizens what was eroded in the process was the fundamental distinction between Romans and foreign enemies". With military and diplomatic victory, his political fortunes seemed positive. Primary sources are available here primarily for use in high-school and university/college courses. "[158], His excesses and penchant for debauchery could be attributed to the difficult circumstances of his youth, such as losing his father while he was still in his teens and retaining a doting stepmother, necessitating an independent streak from an early age. Primary Source Terms:. Athens itself was spared total destruction "in recognition of [its] glorious past" but the city was sacked. After another attempt to relieve Praeneste failed, Carbo lost his nerve and attempted to retreat to Africa; his lieutenants attempted again to relieve Praeneste but after that again failed, marched on Rome to force Sulla from his well-defended positions. The first of the leges Corneliae concerned the interest rates, and stipulated that all debtors were to pay simple interest only, rather than the common compound interest that so easily bankrupted the debtors. During these times on the stage, after initially only singing, he started writing plays, Atellan farces, a kind of crude comedy. From this distance, Sulla remained out of the day-to-day political activities in Rome, intervening only a few times when his policies were involved (e.g. 134/3 eagle's brood foretells the number of Marius' consulships. On each line there is a link to the page where the name can be found. Finding Primary Sources Primary Sources from DocsTeach Thousands of online primary source documents from the National Archives to bring the past to life as classroom teaching tools. Primary sources in history are often created by people who witnessed, participated in, or were otherwise close to a particular event. Sulla raised important cavalry forces for Marius and was responsible for the . [141][140][142][143][144] Accounts were also written that he had an infestation of worms, caused by the ulcers, which led to his death. When he was still a proconsul in 82, he planned and executed the proscriptions against his enemies for revenge, especially from the Marian camp, and against rich Romans because he needed money to pay his veterans . It was not until he was in his very late forties and almost past the age . The Black Death: The Plague, 1331-1770 - University of Iowa [74], During the violence, Sulla was forced to shelter in Marius' nearby house (later denied in his memoirs). The dictator is the subject of four Italian operas, two of which take considerable liberties with history: Sulla is a central character in the first three, Lucius Cornelius Sulla is also a character in the first book of the, His first wife was Ilia, according to Plutarch. [93] News of these conquests reached Rome in the autumn of 89BC, leading the Senate and people to declare war; actual preparations for war were, however, delayed: after Sulla was given the command, it took him some eighteen months to organise five legions before setting off; Rome was also severely strained financially. After one of the other legates was killed by his men, Sulla refused to discipline them except by issuing a proclamation imploring them to show more courage against the enemy. Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight days. Primary sources - Roman Republic and Empire - Research Guides at CSU Primary sources enable students to explore the documentary evidence of a nation's history - the roots of its government, value systems and role on the world stage. . [26] Sulla was assigned by lot to his staff. the execution of Granius, shortly before his own death). You can limit HOLLIS searches to your time period, but sources may be published later, such as a person's diary published posthumously. [94] While Rome was preparing to move against Pontus, Mithridates arranged the massacre of some eighty thousand Roman and Italian expatriates and their families, confiscating any available properties. They are the most direct evidence of a time or event because they were created by people or things that were there at the time or event. The type of source you look for will depend on the stage you are at in the writing process. Sulla also codified, and thus established definitively, the cursus honorum, which required an individual to reach a certain age and level of experience before running for any particular office. The two armies then crossed the Po and attacked the Cimbri. Marius, elected again to the consulship of 101, came to Catulus' aid; Sulla, in charge of supporting army provisioning, did so competently and was able to feed both armies. [78], When the march on Rome started, the Senate and people were appalled. [98] He separately besieged Athens and Piraeus (the Long Walls had since been demolished). Beyond personal enmity, Caesar Strabo may also have stood for office because it was evident that Rome's relations with the Pontic king, Mithridates VI Eupator, were deteriorating and that the consuls of 88 would be assigned an extremely lucrative and glorious command against Pontus. He never allowed his debaucheries to interfere with his duties but he devoted all his leisure time to them. Beginning Research Activities Student activities designed to help . They are different from secondary sources, accounts that retell, analyze, or interpret events, usually at a distance of time or place." Library of Congress Teacher's Page. Some set their hearts on houses, some on landsThe whole period was one of debauched tastes and lawlessness. [57], The same year, Bocchus paid for the erection of a statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. Studying the past supports good citizenship, which is requisite for a fair and effective democracy. Reason #4: studying primary sources helps students become better citizens. Sulla's military coup was enabled by Marius's military reforms, that bound the army's loyalty with the general rather than to the Roman Republic, and permanently destabilized the Roman power structure. [86] He then left Italy with his troops without delay, ignoring legal summons and taking over command from a legate in Macedonia. Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to the truth of what actually happened during an historical event or time period. Copyright statement. The Battle of Chaeronea was fought in early summer around the same time the Athenian acropolis was taken. Student Engagement: Primary source materials "help spark students . [70][71] They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. Pompey, the son of Pompey Strabo, raised a legion from his clients in Picenum and also joined Sulla; Sulla treated him with great respect and addressed him as imperator before dispatching him to raise more troops. Yes, if the painting originated at the time it depicts, then it is a primary source. [122] Marius, buttressed by Samnite support, fought a long and hard battle with Sulla at Sacriportus that resulted in defeat when five of his cohorts defected. Also, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, Nero's cousin, was exiled as a potential rival in 58. The proscriptions are widely perceived as a response to similar killings that Marius and Cinna had implemented while they controlled the Republic during Sulla's absence. The Social War - Spartacus Educational During these marriages, he engaged in an affair with Nicopolis, who also was older than him. Sulla almost certainly received a normal education for his class, grounded in ancient Greek and Latin classics. He can hardly have been in any doubt. Lucius Cornelius Sulla was born in 138 BCE in Puteoli, Italy. Primary research gives you direct access to the subject of your research.
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