The first distinct lamassu motif appeared in Assyria during the reign of Tiglath-Pileser II as a symbol of power. Their hybrid body and two or three sets of horns were signs of divinity in the Mesopotamian world. -What's interesting too The lamassu in museums today (including the Louvre, shown in our video, as well the British Museum, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, and National Museum of Iraq in Baghdad, and others) came from various ancient Assyrian sites located in modern-day Iraq. If you want to learn about AWS architectural or security best practices where. YouTube content is currently blocked. Lamassu (bull-man). Livius. Everett Munez was an Editorial Intern at Encyclopdia Britannica. Ashurbanipal hunting lions . This marked the beginning of Mesopotamian and Near Eastern archaeology. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. This tragedy cannot be undone and is an attack on our sharedhistory and cultural heritage. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. The winged beasts from Nimrud in Iraq (the ancient city of Kalhu) also became quite famous when Lamassu there were ruined in 2015. The first change was the capital was moved to Dur Sharrukin (present day Khorsabad) and second the Lamassu was presented on a bull's body compared to a lions and seems to be slightly smiling. Although lamassu had a different iconography and portrayal in the culture of Sumer, the terms "lamassu", "alad", and "shedu" evolved throughout the Assyro-Akkadian culture from the Sumerian culture to denote the Assyrian-winged-man-bull symbol and statues during the Neo-Assyrian Empire. (winged human-headed bulls possibly lamassu or shedu) from the citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin (now Khorsabad, Iraq), Neo-Assyrian, c. 720-705 B.C.E., gypseous alabaster, 4.20 x 4.36 x 0.97 m . At their gates I constructed a portico patterned after a Syrian palace and roofed it with cedar and cypress beams. In 713 BC, Sargon founded his capital, Dur Sharrukin. A bearded man with a winged bull body appears on the logo of the United States Forces Iraq. The fragments were generously given to the Oriental Institute by the Department of Antiquities of Iraq. Well. Historians Pore Over ISIS Video of Smashed Statues for Clues to Whats Been Lost, The New York Times, February 26, 2015. Winged human-headed bull (lamassu or shedu), Neo-Assyrian Period, reign of Sargon II (721-705 B.C.E.) The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. on the cheeks of the face, but then as the beard comes down, you see these spirals that turn downward, and then are interrupted by a Download the iOS Download the Android app Newly uploaded documents See more. Please check the original source(s) for copyright information. note that each of these Lamassu are actually Direct link to Mary Frank's post Are these Lamassu sculptu, Posted 8 years ago. Khorsabad, ancient Dur Sharrukin, Assyria, Iraq, gypseous alabaster, 4.20 x 4.36 x 0.97 m, excavated by P.-E. Botta 1843-44 (Muse du Louvre) (photo: Dr. Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0). of stone, and in the ancient world, it was no In the film Alexander (2004), lamassu are seen at the Ishtar Gate in Babylon. -And these sculptures It smells earthy, I suppose of the gypseous alabaster they're made of. King Sargon II died in a bloody battle in 705 BC and his body was never found. these sculptures come from an excavation from Winged genius making a gesture of blessing, Servants carrying the king's wheeled throne, Plaque of King Esarhaddon and the Queen Mother Naqija, Expedition to Lebanon: unloading tree trunks from the boats, Flix Thomas, The Pasha of Mosul visiting the excavations of Khorsabad. by DR. STEVEN ZUCKER and DR. BETH HARRIS. ellaziober. No. [3] The protective deity is clearly labelled as Lam(m)a in a Kassite stele unearthed at Uruk, in the temple of Ishtar, goddess to which she had been dedicated by king Nazi-Maruttash (13071282 BC). Agnes Spycket has discussed the textual references to this interceding deity, and the way she is represented in art. Isin-Larsa period (2000-1800 BC). is the statue of nebugabnezzer still exsist. Notable examples include those at the Gate of All Nations at Persepolis in Iran, the British Museum in London, the Louvre in Paris, the National Museum of Iraq in Baghdad, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, and the University of Chicago Oriental Institute. On Monday, May 1, the museum will be closed. Rethinking a modern attribution. hbsbs8. In the video game Heroes of Might and Magic VI, the lamasu [sic] is a recruitable elite creature of the necropolis faction (undead). Part of one inscription reads: "I planned day and night how to settle that city and how to raise its great shrines, the dwellings of the great gods, and my royal residential palaces. gateways, they make sense. I spoke and commanded it to be built." For those that have five, two legs can be seen from the front, with the effect being that the figure appears to be standing still; in profile, four legs are visible, which makes the figure appear to be striding forward. Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker provide a description, historical perspective, and analysis of Lamassu from the citadel of Sargon II. If so, why are so many of these magnificent pieces in museums and not in their country of origin? form this lovely decorative pattern up the side of [7][8], The goddess Lama appears initially as a mediating goddess who precedes the orans and presents them to the deities. There are five. With the grey-but-bright Paris light shedding in, there's something intimate about the well-proportioned L-shaped room lined with Sargon's treasures. SmartHistory images for teaching and learning: people associated with ISIS destroying ancient artifacts in both the museum in Mosul, Iraq and at the nearby ancient archaeological site of ancient Nineveh. that when you look at the creature from the side, February 15, 2015. They may be far from their place of origin but they are safe. Direct link to Jeff Kelman's post How are we blessed to be , Posted 8 years ago. the Lamassu of the citadel of Sargon II are depicted smiling! We care about our planet! With great difficulty, the pieces were transported to Chicago, inserted through the wall of the gallery as it was being built in 1930, and assembled and restored in place. Traces of colour are still visible, especially on the kings crown. Part of one inscription reads: "I planned day and night how to settle that city and how to raise its great shrines, the dwellings of the great gods, and my royal residential palaces. His abdomen swells, and Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. Lamassu (winged human-headed bulls possibly lamassu or shedu) from the citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin (now Khorsabad, Iraq . This colossal sculpture of a winged-bull was one of a series that guarded the entrance to the throne room of Sargon II, king of Assyria (721-705 BC), in his palace at Khorsabad, the capital city of the Neo-Assyrian Empire during his reign. Academy, Smarthistory, Art History at Khan. to broach the citadel without being awestruck by the power of this civilization. sculptures that survive are the guardian figures that protected the city's gates, and protected the Lamassu is an enemy in the Neo Babylon levels of Spelunky 2, and in the Neo Babylon level set in the Cosmic Ocean section. This was especially true of the protective genii carved on the walls: as their role was to watch over the city and its palace, they were carved at places which needed special protection, such as the doors. They were moved to their current institutional homes by archaeologists who excavated these sites in the mid-19th century. The creature's official name is a Lamassu, an ancient Assyrian protective deity with cloven feet and a human face. there were relief carvings in the palace that depicted Louvre - human-headed winged bulls and reliefs from Dur-Sharrukin, in their wider setting of reliefs, Louvre - human-headed winged bulls and reliefs from Dur-Sharrukin, The Metropolitan Museum of Art - human-headed winged lion and bull from Nimrud, companion pieces to those in the British Museum. Lamassu (winged human-headed bulls possibly lamassu or shedu) from the citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin (now Khorsabad, Iraq), Neo-Assyrian, c. 720-705 B.C.E., gypseous alabaster, 4.20 x 4.36 x 0.97 m, excavated by P.-E. Botta 1843-44 (Muse du Louvre) Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker. Direct link to colette spivey's post Are these the actual scul, Posted 8 years ago. Their targets included the lamassu figures that stood at one of the many ceremonial gates to this important ancient Assyrian city. This particular statue was 13 10 high and made from limestone in 720 B.C. gates of the citadel itself. Athanadoros, Hagesandros, and Polydoros of Rhodes, Nemrut Da (tomb of King Antiochus I Theos), Golden lunula and two gold discs (Coggalbeg hoard), The Regolini-Galassi tomb and the Parade Fibula, Temple of Minerva and the sculpture of Apollo (Veii), City of Rome overvieworigins to the archaic period, Roman funeral rituals and social status: The Amiternum tomb and the tomb of the Haterii, The Modern Invention of Ancient White Marble, An introduction to ancient Roman architecture, The archaeological context of the Roman Forum (Forum Romanum), Seizure of Looted Antiquities Illuminates What Museums Want Hidden, Looting, collecting, and exhibiting: the Bubon bronzes, The rediscovery of Pompeii and the other cities of Vesuvius, Room M of the Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor, Boscoreale, Tomb of the Scipios and the sarcophagus of Scipio Barbatus, Bronze head from a statue of the Emperor Hadrian, Romes layered history the Castel SantAngelo, The Severan Tondo: Damnatio memoriae in ancient Rome. How are we blessed to be so lucky and have these Lamassu in such good condition and as a complete set? Lamassu from the Citadel of Sargon 2, Dur Sharrukin (modern Khorsabad, Iraq) Neo Assyrian 725 705. [10] This opinion is commonly followed and in artistic terminology these female figures are generally referred to as Lam(m)a. Lamassu from the citadel of Sargon II Ashurbanipal Hunting Lions The palace decoration of Ashurbanipal Assyria vs Elam: The battle of Til Tuba . Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker provide a description, historical perspective, and analysis of Lamassu from the citadel of Sargon II. Trebonianus Gallus emperor or athlete? Cuneiform script on the back of a lamassu in the University of Chicago Oriental Institute, Modern impression of Achaemenid cylinder seal, fifth century BC. Mesopotamia in the Neo-Assyrian period (place names in French) Sargon II ruled from 722 to 705 BC. Are we supposed to believe all the bibel things? In about 713 BC, he made a radical decision intended to assert his authority: he founded a new capital. classical-antiquity sculpture that would threaten the king's work, that is, the citadel. Lama, Lamma, or Lamassu (Cuneiform: , .mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}an.kal; Sumerian: dlamma; later in Akkadian: lamassu; sometimes called a lamassus)[1][2] is an Assyrian protective deity. -And then there's that marvelous, complex representation of the beard. The colossal entrance figures were often followed by a hero grasping a wriggling lion, also colossal in scale and in high relief. What is the most common medium for the Lamasu? 720-705 BCE Materials: Limestone Dimensions: 13'10" high. ", Explore museums and play with Art Transfer, Pocket Galleries, Art Selfie, and more, Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures. Direct link to Chris Ziebarth's post If you look at this illus, Posted 7 years ago. Are these the actual sculptures? Historians Pore Over ISIS Video of Smashed Statues for Clues to Whats Been Lost, The New York Times, February 26, 2015. Their eyes follow whoever walks past them really neat! The first change was the capital was moved to Dur Sharrukin (present day Khorsabad) and second the Lamassu was presented on a bulls body compared to a lions and seems to be slightly smiling. was actually a guardian for the exterior gate of the city. A Lamassu is a bull with a human head and wings, pretty scary looking don't you think? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In the Assyrian mythology there were human headed winged bulls/lions that were protective genies. These are single pieces it still, watching us as we move, but if we Persepolis, Gate of All Nations, lamassu. Mosaic decoration at the Hammath Tiberias synagogue, Palmyra: the modern destruction of an ancient city, In 2015, a chilling video circulated online, showed, people associated with ISIS destroying ancient artifacts. 2. He decided that protective genies would be placed on every side of the seven gates to act like guardians. -What's interesting is Ashurnasirpal II (reigned 883-859 BC), the first great Assyrian king, constructed a new capital in Kalhu (present day Nimrud) to represent his power and reign over his vast empire. So it's important to It was created by and for the Assyrian emperor, Sargon II. Scholars believe that this particular gate, which dates to the reign of Sennacherib around 700 B.C.E., was built to honor the god Nergal, an Assyrian god of war and plague who ruled over the underworld. These monumental statues were called aladlamm ("protective spirit") or lamassu, which means that the original female word was now applied for a rather macho demon. In the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh, they are depicted as physical deities as well, which is where the lamassu iconography originates, physical representations or embodiments of divine higher principles associated with specific celestial origins. The video and its description text are provided by Youtube. his hindquarters move back, and then we can see but all speaking to the power, the authority of the During Sargon II control (reigned 721-705 BC) there were only small changes during his reign. various gates, there were guardian figures that I spoke and commanded it to be built." this gate, as we move through it, we see the animal itself move. The most famous colossal statues of Lamassu have been excavated at the sites of the Assyrian capitals created by King Assurnasirpal II (reigned 883 - 859 BC) and King Sargon II (reigned 721 - 705 BC). Direct link to Jeffrey A. Becker's post The lamassu from Nimrud n, Posted 7 years ago. These fantastic creatures, called aladlamm or lamassu, have the body and ears of a bull, the wings of an eagle and the crowned head of a human whose face resembles depictions of Sargon II. The link to this video is provided at the bottom of this page. 103 terms. The bull had broken into more than a dozen pieces in antiquity. Accessed March 12, 2015. http://www.livius.org/mythology/lamassu-bull-man/. A protective spirit known as a "lamassu", it is shown as a composite being with the head of a human, the body . itself there are ringlets as well, so we get a sense Name: Lamassu Location: the citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin (modern Khorsabad), Iraq, now in the Louvre, Paris Date: ca. . Khorsabad, ancient Dur Sharrukin, Assyria, Iraq, gypseous alabaster, 4.20 x 4.36 x 0.97 m, excavated by P.-E. Botta 1843-44 (Muse du Louvre) (photo: The lamassu in museums today (including the Louvre, shown in our video, as well the British Museum, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, and National Museum of Iraq in Baghdad, and others) came from various ancient Assyrian sites located in modern-day Iraq. -They are enormous, but of the fur of the beast. 1 (Spring, 1948), pp. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. HIST Inquizitive Midterm. Lamassu from the citadel of Sargon II. But, my friend, do not look at the details of those stories any closer than you look at the details of stories like Little Red Riding Hood and the Big Bad Wolf. These fantastic creatures, called aladlamm or lamassu, have the body and ears of a bull, the wings of an eagle and the crowned head of a human whose face resembles depictions of Sargon II. Written in Akkadian, the official language of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, both describe Sargon's building of his new capital, giving thanks to several gods. -They are incredibly impressive. series of horizontal bands. First of all, just at A Lamassu appears in Axiom Verge 2 as a godly machine, designed to protect against interlopers. The Akkadians associated the human-bull hybrid as a gatekeeper associated with the god Papsukkal, who is the attendant deity of Anu (sky god of the supreme deities) and functions as a gatekeeper in the spiritual world by providing a pathway between the higher gods and humans (Heffron). and around the legs, you can see inscriptions in cuneiform. For the purpose of making reference to this essay, when was it written? this means for a guardian figure at a gate. Islamic State representatives claimed that these statues were idols that needed to be destroyed. P. G. Finch, The Winged Bulls at the Nergal Gate of Nineveh, Iraq, Vol. Taking advantage of the spoils and prisoners of war, the king undertook the construction of the largest city in the ancient world, a symbol of his omnipotence, with a palace comprising some 200 rooms and courtyards. The lamassu combined the powers of the different animals in order to protect the city and its palaceand were benevolent creatures, as you can see from their gentle smile. Direct link to Jason Johnson's post Were the Lamassu shown at, Posted 8 years ago. Updates? -We're in a room in the Louvre filled with sculpture from the often credited as the cradle of civilization, The fearsome Assyrians took their name from Assur, the city on the Tigris River in northern Iraq that was dedicated to the god Ashur. "Lamassu from the citadel of Sargon II." WTWA Chapter 4. is that these were meant to be seen both from a frontal view and a profile view. Head of a lamassu from the palace of Esarhaddon, from Nimrud, Iraq, seventh century BC, the British Museum, Lamassu from the Throne Room (Room B) of the North-West Palace at Nimrud, Iraq, ninth century BC, the British Museum, London, Lamassu on an Assyrian Genocide memorial in Yerevan, "The deity which we have here called the Babylonian Goddess has been identified as the goddess Lama thanks to an inscription found at Uruk. High relief was much prized in the time of Sargon II, when modeling became more marked. Lamassu from the citadel of Sargon II. One of the most famous lamassu representations is the pair of statues from the Citadel of Sargon II. -And various Assyrian Scholars believe that this particular gate, which dates to the reign of Sennacherib around 700 B.C.E., was built to honor the god Nergal, an Assyrian god of war and plague who ruled over the underworld. The palace decoration of Ashurbanipal. World History Encyclopedia, 30 Jul 2014. ", Learn how and when to remove this template message, Star Wars: Episode II Attack of the Clones, Assyrian Human Headed Winged Lion and Bull (Lamassu), http://www.torrossa.it/resources/an/2401509#page=241, "Assyrian Human Headed Winged Lion and Bull (Lamassu)", Webpage about the du in the Louvre Museum, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamassu&oldid=1150890422, This page was last edited on 20 April 2023, at 16:53. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. These sculptures were excavated by P.-E. Botta in 1843-44. That is, the area within The Genies on the Stairs: Stone Carvings in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. Nimrud: Materialities of Assyrian Knowledge Production -. Cuneiform is a script that was used to write several languages in the Ancient Near East. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. The lamassu destruction is a good argument for artifacts to be distributed in museums throughout the world. Work Winged Human-headed Bull. Winged Human-headed Bull. -Well my favorite part is the crown. Isis fighters destroy ancient artefacts at Mosul museum, The Guardian, February 26, 2015. lamassu, monumental Mesopotamian relief sculptures dating from the 9th to the 7th century bce. Lamassu (winged human-headed bulls possibly lamassu or shedu) from the citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin (now Khorsabad, Iraq), Neo-Assyrian, c. 720-705 BCE, gypseous alabaster, 4.20 4.36 0.97 m . https://www.worldhistory.org/video/525/lamassu-from-the-citadel-of-sargon-ii/.
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