. The sufficiency ofScripture dictates that the Bible contains all that we need to know what we need to believe, and how we are to live before God. Catholics do not adhere to. Johnson rightly notes that the Bible contains lesscontentthat directly applies to subjects like mathematics or the natural sciences versus subjects like the nature of God and the polity of the church (173). Hood Jr., Sin and self-functioning, Part 2: Grace, guilt and psychological adjustment,Journal of Psychology and Theology16 (1988): 270-81; P. J. Watson, Ronald J. Morris, Taylor Loy, Michael B. Hamrick, Beliefs about Sin: Adaptive Implications in Relationships with Religious Orientation, Self-Esteem, and Measures of the Narcissistic, Depressed, and Anxious Self,Edification: Journal of the Society for Christian Psychology1 (2007): 57-67. (Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2012), 157-83. In his book, Foundations for Soul Care: A Christian Psychology Proposal. Many difference interpretive approaches to the Bible have arisen within the Christian communityconsider the diverse subgroups within the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox communion (regional, ideological and institutional), as well as the slightly more obvious subtraditions that make up the Protestant communionand it would be unworthy of a Christian psychology to downplay these differences. Though some Christian Psychologists are more open to learning from the modern psychologies. However, only one aspect (relationship) of her three is supported by commentaries and theological works. See Stuart Scott, A Biblical Counseling Approach inCounseling and Christianity: Five Approaches, Stephen P. Greggo and Timothy A. Sisemore, eds. To be quite frank, there is a level of nervousness among some in the biblical counseling WebIn Christian counseling, the Christ of the Bible will not be an appendage, a tack on for surviving life in the fast lane. He will be the center as well as the circumference of our Personality theory, psychopathology, health, and therapeutic change have replaced biblical anthropology, sin, grace, holiness, and sanctification. These examples illustrate that there is a spectrum of diversity amongst Christian psychologists. WebDescribe the sufficiency of Scripture. In another work, Langberg describes the role of the therapist as bringing about redemptive healing as she incarnatesChrist.48 Langberg,Counseling Survivors, 55, 57, 105, 150, 158. However, Christian psychologists note that integration is very difficult and seem to be more sensitive to the need to establish a uniquely Christian psychology first before pursuing additional insight from non-Christian systems.18Roberts notes, Christian psychology insists on the priority of a deep knowledge of the psychology that is distinctive of Christianity as a prerequisite to the integration of modern professional and scientific psychologies into Christian thought and practice. Roberts,Five Views, 136. uYTCQP_8TV,Z?U : )xPHH HzmZ4%}(k&w-n0BP; ) (4~oIjCm%d /oPoR*GEE The Biblical Counseling Coalitions Confessional Statement nuances the complex mind-body issue as follows: We believe that biblical counseling should focus on the full range of human nature created in the image of God (Genesis 1:26-28). Carson, Mathew inExpositors Bible Commentary, Frank E. Gaebelin, ed. Everythingin Scripture comes to us as authoritative communication (emphasis original),The Doctrine of God(Phillipsburg: P&R, 2002), 92. SeeEdification3.1 (2009) andEdification6.2 (2012). Research and respond to the arguments of 4 0 obj For example, Tan includes a whole section on modern psychologies in his workCounseling & Psychotherapy(Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2011); and the Society of Christian Psychology purposes to read, learn from, and interact with the psychological knowledge of other communities (obviously the modern), Society for Christian Psychology, About the Society [online]; accessed 12 October 2016; available at http://www.christianpsych.org/. m~=WWc*oK;>>J>vZ38$e*DCB7"8!w d)@1;vX |=X?=1o^CQE^{]UP;l O:ey]tPW@0(w,z,e;Nc3tpIH "UoVVGP;^N. In Crabbs understanding, the gospel message is psychologized such these psychological needs are met through the gospel. Take My yoke upon you and learn from Me, for I am gentle and humble in heart, and you will find rest for your souls. Roberts,Outline, 135-51. Counseling Survivors, 45-51. So integrationists diligently exegete psychology for relevant and needed truth. (Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2012), 157-83. :k Iu?8'>"I4 ?p]`E\A;~{Y? But Christian psychologists use the term psychology in a broad, general sense, referencing any study, insight, or reflections regarding the human condition. The therapeutic practice often centers on regular conversations between a counselor and a client, known as talk-therapy.. Hood Jr., Sin and self-functioning, Part 2: Grace, guilt and psychological adjustment,Journal of Psychology and Theology16 (1988): 270-81; P. J. Watson, Ronald J. Morris, Taylor Loy, Michael B. Hamrick, Beliefs about Sin: Adaptive Implications in Relationships with Religious Orientation, Self-Esteem, and Measures of the Narcissistic, Depressed, and Anxious Self,Edification: Journal of the Society for Christian Psychology1 (2007): 57-67. Development of Problems and Personal Need Christian psychologists affirm a form of the sufficiency of Scripture, but explain this doctrine in such a way as to actually view the Scriptures as insufficient for soul care.31A full explanation and critique of the insufficiency view as held by Christian psychologists and integrationists is beyond the scope of this essay, but may be found in two works by Heath Lambert:A Theology of Biblical Counseling(Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2016), 35-59; and Introduction: The Sufficiency of Scripture, the Biblical Counseling Movement, and the Purpose of this Book inCounseling the Hard Cases, Heath Lambert and Stuart Scott, eds (Nashville: B&H Academic, 2012), 1-24. P.J. He again confuses justification with sanctification in application of this text to what he calls modern Judaizers (55-7). This doctrine says that Scripture is sufficient for knowledge of God and that all theological affirmations must be consistent with Scripture. In counseling practice, these secular commitments often mean there is a reluctance to be overtly Christian in counseling through prayer, through utilizing the Scriptures or through presenting the gospel to clients who may not be saved. In another edition (Christian Psychology7.1 (2013)), Brent D. Slife, board of reference member for the Society of Christian Psychology, co-authored an article on Theistic psychology with Mormon psychologist Jeffrey Reber. For comparison purposes, contrast the explanation of Roberts and Watson regarding the Sermon on the Mount with a standard evangelical commentary, such as D.A. %PDF-1.3 7. For a critique of this therapeutic version of the gospel, see David Powlison, The Therapeutic Gospel,Journal of Biblical Counseling25/3 (2007): 2-7. Editors Note: This weeks mini-series on the Grace and Truth Blog focuses on understanding the DSM and its categories from a biblical worldview.In our first article, Nate Brooks provides an overview of the purpose, usefulness, and limitations of the DSM. While diversity can provide wonderful opportunities of mutual learning, understanding and communication, it seems that CPs commitment to this level of ecumenism will render its initial goal of developing a singular Christian psychology unlikely. For example, Roman Catholics teach that Mary was conceived without original sin but this is not found anywhere in scripture. (Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2001); Robert C. Roberts and P.J. Biblical redemption is re-defined as emotional acceptance and unconditional love (58, 128). It changes his simple mind and helps him to learn discernment. 2023 Association of Certified Biblical Counselors. It applies to all situations of our experience (216). These examples illustrate that there is a spectrum of diversity amongst Christian psychologists. C. Stephen Evans, as quoted by Johnson,5 Views. Worse still, secular commitments of this nature may render these biblically mandated pursuits unethical in ones professional context. Integrationists have challenged Christian psychologists regarding the possibility of achieving such a unique, singular Christian psychology,40Jones,Five Views, 184-7.and even Eric Johnson himself seems to concede that the whole CP project is destined to fail as the inevitable and happy result of human finitude.41Johnson,Foundations, 218-9. C. Stephen Evans challenge for Christians to develop a uniquely Christian approach to psychology while continuing to participate actively in the broader field means that unbelievers may be influenced by Christian psychologists with the gospel of Christ and biblical truth (Matt. Watson, R.J. Morris, and R.W. Scripture Alone. (Nashville: B&H Academic, 2012), 25-56. For a more biblical approach for counseling abuse survivors which exemplifies a proper handling of the Scriptures, see Laura Hendrickson, Mariana and Surviving Sexual Abuse in Counseling the Hard Cases, Heath Lambert and Stuart Scott, eds. When you see a therapist, you are receiving Gods healing in the form of therapy. Society for Christian Psychology, About the Society [online]; accessed 12 October 2016; available at http://www.christianpsych.org/. This is the testimony of Scripture itself and the historic position of Protestant Christianity. There are some Christians who disagree that the Bible should be used to help us solve our counseling-related problems. Integrationists underestimate the Bible. The social, cultural, historical, and individual differences between Hebrew herdsmen and Corinthian cosmopolitansand between both of them and contemporary American readerscan hardly be exaggerated. Not only do Christian psychologists struggle in areas regarding the Bible, the movement provokes concern in regard to the ecumenical emphasis it articulates. Rather than this being an argument against a Christian psychology (Jones, 1986), these differences will contribute to its richness and fruitfulness. Johnson, Foundations, 218. The role of invisible discerner of the thoughts, intentions, motivations of the heartthat role is reserved for God alone, specifically the person of the Holy Spirit. Roberts and Watsons explanation of the Sermon on the Mount amounts to a surface-level inspection of healthy traits for well-being, rather than a serious exposition of the text.35Roberts & Watson,Five Views, 158-64. In order to compete with secular studies that are laden with secular worldview assumptions, Christian psychologists endeavor to develop their own body of psychological research from a Christian point of view. See Stuart Scott, A Biblical Counseling Approach inCounseling and Christianity: Five Approaches, Stephen P. Greggo and Timothy A. Sisemore, eds. Scripture is perfect. The most telling aspect of any system of soul-care is ultimately how one goes about helping people with counseling problems. Langberg notes that later on in the counseling process, the use of the Scriptures will be introduced (125, 127), but not initially. Rather, Scripture addresses all of human life, as only God himself has a right to do. When dealing with problems such as abuse and injustice, believers should be zealous in searching the Scriptures for ways to act in a God-pleasing manner. While Roberts may simply be employing these terms in order to better communicate to a psychologically-informed audience, these terms are not neutral, and are being imposed upon, rather than derived from the biblical text. Her re-telling of Isaiah 53 re-casts sin against God as psychological hurt, comes dangerously close to making God the Father the abusing father of Christ, turns Jesus into a victim of abuse, and makes the gospel primarily about Jesus being abused so that He can identify with the abuse of others (150-153). In a third text, Galatians 4:3-9, he confuses the Galatian heresy of the Judaizers with what he calls the law of linearity (35-36). For example, Tan includes a whole section on modern psychologies in his workCounseling & Psychotherapy(Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2011); and the Society of Christian Psychology purposes to read, learn from, and interact with the psychological knowledge of other communities (obviously the modern), Society for Christian Psychology, About the Society [online]; accessed 12 October 2016; available at http://www.christianpsych.org/. 2nd ed. Watson.8Johnson, Foundations; Dan Allender, The Healing Path (Colorado Springs: Waterbrook, 2000); Dan Allender and Tremper Longman III, The Cry of the Soul (Colorado Springs: NavPress, 1994); Neil Anderson, The Bondage Breaker (Eugene: Harvest House, 1990); Larry Crabb, Inside Out (Colorado Springs: NavPress, 1987); Larry Crabb, The Pressures Off (Colorado Springs: Waterbrook, 2002); Diane Langberg, Counseling Survivors of Sexual Abuse (Wheaton: Tyndale House, 1997); Diane Langberg, A Christian Psychology Approach in Counseling and Christianity: Five Approaches, Stephen P. Greggo and Timothy A. Sisemore, eds. 3:10), it is clear that the abuse of Christ mentioned in Isaiah 53 is because of our transgressions and our iniquities as He accomplishes redemption, not because He was a victim of senseless abuse. See Grudem, 93-5; John Armstrong, The Authority of Scripture inSola Scriptura: The Protestant Position on the Bible, Don Kistler, ed. (Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2010); Siang-Yang Tan, Counseling & Psychotherapy (Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2011). They most often do not believe that the Bible is. 11:28-30). Watson, R.J. Morris, and R.W. While no comprehensive, systematic Christian psychology work has yet been produced, the authors previously mentioned have all offered contributions toward this goal.11As one example, see C.S. When Christian psychologists refer to the development of a uniquely Christian psychology, they mean a comprehensive understanding of the nature of human beings from a Christian viewpoint. (Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2010). Carson, Mathew inExpositors Bible Commentary, Frank E. Gaebelin, ed. Integration refers to a related but different system for understanding the relationship between Christianity and psychology. Johnson traces the emergence of the modern Christian psychology movement initially to the writings of Christian philosophers Soren Kierkegaard, and later to C. Stephen Evans.6Eric L. Johnson,Foundations for Soul Care: A Christian Psychology Proposal(Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2007), 10; Johnson,Five Views, 36. (Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2010), 185. This is a significant assertion.28John Frame writes, Theologians who try to play down the importance of Gods authoritywhether to avoid patriarchalism, to promote freedom of human thought and choice, to allow great latitude to science and philosophy, or whateverhave lost something that is central to biblical revelation. Hood Jr., Sin and self-functioning, Part 1: Grace, guilt and psychological adjustment,Journal of Psychology and Theology16 (1988): 254-69; P.J. In his otherwise helpful article describing Pauline psychotherapy, Roberts cannot help but use terms and concepts from twentieth century psychology: dysfunctional personality, self-transformative action, therapeutic action, actualizing the new personality, dissociation.33Roberts,Outline, 135-51. But the conversion process has gone the wrong way. Personality theory is even a distraction because it directs attention to the wrong questions. , Eric says that the biblical counseling movement constitutes an egregious misunderstanding of the form of the Bible. Eric Johnson claims that the basis for the doctrine of Sufficiency of Scripture only has to do with the debates between the Catholics and the men who stood against them during the Reformation. The authority to prescribe mental health medication. Everythingin Scripture comes to us as authoritative communication (emphasis original),The Doctrine of God(Phillipsburg: P&R, 2002), 92. Christian Web Hosting, Many Christian psychologists will affirm that the Bible is authoritative, inerrant, and inspired. If the goal of CP is a uniquely biblical psychology based upon historic Christianity, efforts of this nature are confusing and illustrate that the actual developmental work of the movement is often pointed in the wrong direction. There is no need for insights from renown intellectuals. Furthermore, her limited use of the Scriptures in counseling as revealed in her book, Counseling Survivors of Sexual Abuse, reveals a commitment to the therapeutic gospel. The Bible is always and finally authoritative, even when it reveals less content or seems less relevant on any given subject. While the traditional While Jesus does identify with people in their suffering (Heb. It mistakes the fascinating but superficial for the significant. Hood Jr., Sin and self-functioning, Part 1: Grace, guilt and psychological adjustment,Journal of Psychology and Theology16 (1988): 254-69; P.J. T2. 4. It would be terribly nave to assume that there will ever be only one Christian psychology in this age. Scriptures authority increases in proportion to the extent that Scripture explicitly addresses a particular topic.27Ibid., 171-2. For example, Johnson considers Augustine the first great Christian psychologist, Ibid., 12. HORTON: This is where a quote from Calvin is so helpful. Psychotherapy, or psychological counseling, is the practice of attempting to heal a persons emotional and mental problems. In contrast, Christian integrationists seek to examine and extract psychological and psychotherapeutic principles and insights from many sources, including the modern psychologies.17two examples that demonstrate this practice are, Stanton L. Jones and Richard E. Butman, Modern Psychotherapies: A Comprehensive Christian Appraisal (Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 1991) and Mark R. McMinn and Clark D. Campbell, Integrative Psychotherapy: Toward a Comprehensive Christian Approach (Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2007). The best integrationist thinkers are troubled by the current mass psychologization of the Christian faith. The church was weak where psychology was strong. Christian psychologists affirm a form of the authority, necessity, sufficiency, and primacy of the Scriptures, yet they define these qualities of Scripture in such a way as to actually undermine them.Johnson,26Foundations, 167-95. As one example, see C.S. For My yoke is easy and My burden is light (Matt. The Bible is always and finally authoritative, even when it reveals less content or seems less relevant on any given subject. Langberg notes that later on in the counseling process, the use of the Scriptures will be introduced (125, 127), but not initially. Christian psychologists prefer to do their own research based on a distinctly Christian psychology and methodology, while integrationists believe that much of secular psychology can be redeemed for Christian counseling purposes.19Ibid., 134. In the same work, this case is handled from a biblical counseling viewpoint where the Bible does have such a functional control. It is also confusing that Christian psychologists state that it is people who are familiar with contemporary psychology who are required to do the work of extracting psychology from the Bible and other Christian works. It is also confusing that Christian psychologists state that it is people who are familiar with contemporary psychology who are required to do the work of extracting psychology from the Bible and other Christian works. While Christian Psychology commendably sets out to rediscover a truly Christian view of persons and rightly sounds the alert regarding the unbiblical worldview assumptions of secular counseling systems, it seems that their efforts to develop such a system are not being realized. Dr. James Mook describes the doctrine of the sufficiency of Gods Word as the following: Psychological Theories, Series: (Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2001); Robert C. Roberts and P.J. (Morgan, PA: Soli Deo Gloria, 1995), 96-150, esp. Christian Psychology (CP) is a unique form of psychology which seeks to develop a distinctly Christian model for understanding the human condition. For example, Stan Jones and Richard Butman write, Too much of what passes for integration today is anemic theologically or biblically, and tends to be little more than a spiritualized rehashing of mainstream mental health thought. But integrationists do not provide vigorous and perceptive biblical categories both for explaining people and for stemming the psychologizing tide. Langberg,Five Approaches, 110-31. Then, there is what the writer has dubbed the Conservative Protestant Christian Counseling Orthodoxy Even the term Pauline therapy seems oddly modern when seeking to do biblical exposition regarding the sanctification model revealed in the Pauline epistles. He again confuses justification with sanctification in application of this text to what he calls modern Judaizers (55-7). Tan,Counseling and Psychotherapy, 329; Crabb,Effective Biblical Counseling(Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1977), 61-71. The judgments of the Lord are true; they are righteous altogether. ACBC Essays Volume 1. For example, Christians across all times and places have found that there is no temptation that has overtaken you that is not common to all (1 Corinthians 10:13). Christian psychotherapists generally believe that the Bible is insufficient when it comes to exploring and explaining the significant goings on in the human psyche. Wouldnt this task be better pursued by theologically informed and biblically trained pastors with experience in wise pastoral care? In his book,The Pressures Off, Crabb confuses justification with sanctification in his interpretation of two key passages: Romans 7:6 and Hebrews 7:18-19 (27). (Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2010), 101-28. Christian psychology is a relatively new movement, but its followers rightly point out that a uniquely Christian understanding of persons began with the writing of the Bible itself and was later developed by various authors throughout church history.3Eric L. Johnson, A Brief History of Christians in Psychology inPsychology & Christianity: Five Views, Eric L. Johnson, Ed. Christian psychology differs from classic integration by drawing distinctions in regard to goal of the system, the manner of integration, and the use of secular psychological research. . The Statement later denies that infallibility and inerrancy are limited to spiritual, religious, or redemptive themes, exclusive of assertions in the fields of history and science (Article XII). Ed. The Bible proclaims the opposite. Christian psychology has also shed light on the all-too ignored problem of presuppositions in psychological systems. WebThe Insufficiency of Scripture (For other similar study materials visit www.outpostsite.com) 1 By T. David Gordon1 If someone had asked me a decade ago about the sufficiency of Is it compatible with a Christian worldview? However, were here to serve everyone without cost, so please dont feel obligated to give unless the Lord leads. If you believe in God, you know he works through every being in the world. Rather than this being an argument against a Christian psychology (Jones, 1986), these differences will contribute to its richness and fruitfulness. Johnson, Foundations, 218. >TSG' *J'm -'#g-CTj,_HSAan$p75@C `^\w|:D|]cCg!m#R9:F . This passage shows just how sufficient Scripture is for counseling. For comparison purposes, contrast the explanation of Roberts and Watson regarding the Sermon on the Mount with a standard evangelical commentary, such as D.A. The deep-seated commonalities between people are far more crucial to counseling than the extensive variations between people. Roberts & Watson,Five Views, 158-64. Eric Johnson writes, So if we define psychology broadly as a rigorous inquiry into human nature and how to treat its problems and advance well-being, Christians have been thinking and practicing psychology for centuries.5Ibid., 14. Emotionally Focused Therapy is a common approach to couples counseling. In the end, he seems to be more committed to diversity and dialogue for its own sake rather than to serious biblical and theological scholarship of soul-care material from Scripture in order construct a truly Christian psychology. Eric Johnson is a Christian psychologist who adamantly claims that the Bible is not sufficient for counseling. Eric L. Johnson,Foundations for Soul Care: A Christian Psychology Proposal(Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2007), 10; Johnson,Five Views, 36. Roberts & Watson,Five Views, 155. Today, CP does not describe an established Christian system of psychological understanding so much as it represents a loose movement of psychologists, counselors, theologians, and Christian philosophers who seek to develop such a psychology. Society for Christian Psychology, Amplification of the Mission Statement, [online]; accessed 12 October 2016; available at http://www.christianpsych.org/. Hence, the followers of CP identify many authors throughout Christian history who wrote about the human condition and contribute to a Christian understanding of psychology. Biblical truth seemed insufficiently applicable. Counseling Survivors, 45-51. Biblical counseling: Biblical counselors rely exclusively (or nearly so) on the teachings of the Bible, rather than on researched psychological principles; some may view Take My yoke upon you and learn from Me, for I am gentle and humble in heart, and you will find rest for your souls. 139-40; Frame,The Doctrine of the Word of God(Phillipsburg: P&R, 2010), 145-82, 216. Finally, Christian psychology suffers from weaknesses in actual counseling practice. The statement of faith of the society consists of the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed. The key difference [between integration and Christian psychology] is how much we claim we can construct of a complete psychology from the Scriptures and Christian tradition and resources.20Stanton L. Jones, An Integration Response to Christian Psychology inChristianity and Psychology: Five Views, Eric L. Johnson, ed., 2nded. Research and respond to the arguments of at least one The insufficiency of Scripture may sound like a dangerous phrase, but all that is meant by that is simply what the confession teaches at this point: that there are certain situations and aspects of our earthly lives about which we may find general principles in the Bible, but require general revelation and wisdom, as well. Gods Word is the only infallible rule of faith for believers. It uses a pay-per-session model with prices that range from $58 per session to $184 per session, depending on the qualifications and experience of the counselor. On the surface such theories are speculative, prone to intellectual fashion, and prejudiced by their hostility to what is true and significant about people. While Gods understanding of human nature is the goal of a Christian psychology, given human finitude and the existence of distinct Christian traditions, the Society welcomes those working from any perspective within the historic Christian Church.37Society for Christian Psychology, Amplification of the Mission Statement, [online]; accessed 12 October 2016; available at http://www.christianpsych.org/. Watson and R.J. Morris are representative of Christian psychologists who have led and published research efforts of this nature.13For example, see P.J. (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1984); or John MacArthur,Matthew1-7: The MacArthur New Testament Commentary(Chicago: Moody, 1985). Langberg,Five Approaches, 122. Christian psychologists have been more careful than other Christian thinkers regarding worldview commitments and their impact on psychological conclusions. In Crabbs understanding, the gospel message is psychologized such these psychological needs are met through the gospel. (Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2010); Siang-Yang Tan, Counseling & Psychotherapy (Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2011). Most troubling is the fact that Crabb claims the Holy Spirit spoke audibly to him and led him to these passages and conclusions (67-68). While it is true that the Bible addresses some topics in more detail than others, the Bible always carries with it final, ultimate authority in all of the matters it addresses. They endeavor to form a psychological system that is presuppositionally Christian, and recognize that this system will reflect a true picture of humanity because it is distinctly Christian. However, he errors in concluding that this makes the Bible lessauthoritativeregarding subjects where is it reveals less content. Many difference interpretive approaches to the Bible have arisen within the Christian communityconsider the diverse subgroups within the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox communion (regional, ideological and institutional), as well as the slightly more obvious subtraditions that make up the Protestant communionand it would be unworthy of a Christian psychology to downplay these differences. Stanton Jones notes: integrationists understand that our commitment to a biblical view of persons provide a presumptive framework, not a fully constructed system of psychology. he Bible is the standard by which God will judge every person. In counseling theory, CP is plagued by a commitment to ecumenism and struggles to accurately interpret and apply the biblical text. For example, Siang-Yang Tan and Larry Crabb both affirm that man has certain psychological needs for security (love) and significance (meaning/impact), but these conclusions arise from the influence of Maslow and needs psychology, rather than the Bible.32Tan,Counseling and Psychotherapy, 329; Crabb,Effective Biblical Counseling(Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1977), 61-71.