experiment. 0000000974 00000 n OF A POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION. trailer The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of, If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, it is an example of the. Half of them were offered $1 to do it, and half of them were offered $20. //document.getElementById('maincontent').style.display = 'none'; Let us then see what can be said about the total magnitude of dissonance in a person created by the knowledge that he said "not X" and really believes "X." The concept of aggression as a basic human instinct driving people to destructive acts was part of early_____theory. (p.47). How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin? In this condition, the average rating was +1.35, considerably on the positive side and significantly different from the Control condition at the .02 level[2] (t = 2.48). Once a situation has been defined as an emergency, the next step in the decision-making process is_______. Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. A follow-up psychiatric exam found no signs of psychological problems after 1 year. Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance: Which of the following is an example of indirect characterization? Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. If you make people treat you with respect, they will respect you more, in order to reduce dissonance between their attitudes and their behaviors. The people with whom a person identifies most strongly are called the________. All of the following are causes for groupthink EXCEPT. In one study, college students liked another student simply because they were told that the other student liked them. (Goleman, 1991). According to Sternberg's theory, when intimacy and passion are combined the result is _____, which is often the basis for a more lasting relationship. As shown in Ashes experiment, conforming to the majority happens more often than people think. Is it simply the actions of an explicitly racist contingent? If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. 0000000015 00000 n The data from the other conditions may be viewed, in a sense, as changes from this baseline. Hence, one would expect the results on this question to be very similar to the results on "how enjoyable the tasks were" but weaker. Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. The interviewer, of course, was always kept in complete ignorance of which condition the S was in. Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. In 1959, Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith published an influential study showing that cognitive dissonance can affect behavior in unexpected ways. Subjects paid $1 were enthusiastic about their lies, and were successful in convincing others that the experiment's activities were interesting. endobj Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Every individual has his or her own way of evaluating their own selves and usually this is done by comparing themselves to others. The researchers further concluded, with the help of the said results, that with $1, participants found no significant justification thus the occurrence of cognitive dissonance. All Ss, without exception, were quite willing to return the money. DISCUSSION. PDF An Introduction to Cognitive Dissonance Theory and an Overview of When the participants were asked to evaluate the experiment, the participants who were paid only $1 rated the tedious task as more fun and enjoyable than the participants who were paid $20 to lie. As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. FESTINGER, L. A theory of cognitive dissonance. Among the paid participants, 5 had suspicions about getting paid for the designated task. In short, when an S was induced, by offer of reward, to say something contrary to his private opinion, this private opinion tended to change so as to correspond more closely with what he had said. Seventy-one male students in the introductory psychology course at Stanford University were used in the experiment. Generally speaking, the social comparison theory explains how individuals evaluate their opinion and desires by comparing themselves to others. The said group served as the control group of the experiment. Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE? The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. 2. This, however, was unlikely in this experiment because money was used for the reward and it is undoubtedly difficult to convince oneself that one dollar is more than it really is. %%EOF Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell the next participant how exciting the experiment turning knobs was, which group reported on a follow-up questionnaire the most satisfaction in their knob-turning experience?, The "A" in the "ABCs" of attitudes is, refer to beliefs and . 0000000868 00000 n They did not have to change their attitudes to lie because the money served as ample justification (Cognitive Dissonance). Based on experiments by Festinger and Carlsmith, the idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors. Which event or moment has the greatest effect on the author's decision to protest? repeatedly turning pegs in a peg board for an hour. Cognitive Dissonance and Festinger & Carlsmith's Study - Explorable Participants were asked, "Would you please tell the next subject in line that the experiment was fun and enjoyable?" xc```c``Ab,@rb0Sb3``!`m@y"f@00]`ah|GC "$ In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. The Ss were told it was necessary for the experiment. What Is Cognitive Dissonance? Definition and Examples - Simply Psychology According to _________ theory, prejudice may result, at least in part, from the need to increase one's own self-esteem by looking down on others. In the Milgram study and several similar studies, between _____ percent of the participants went all the way up to the 450-volt shock level. Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. There are, after all, other ways in which the experimentally created dissonance could be reduced. Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $2. they shifted their attitudes and perceived the task as more enjoyable Create your own unique website with customizable templates. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? This is most like which of the following techniques? The private opinions of the subjects concerning the experience were then determined. 0 These made them question what the real purpose of the study is. The observed opinion change is greater than for persons who only hear the speech or for persons who read a prepared speech with emphasis solely on execution and manner of delivery The authors of these two studies explain their results mainly in terms of mental rehearsal and thinking up new arguments. Cognitive Dissonance refers to the discomfort that is felt when a person has two beliefs that conflict with each other, or when they are engaging in . The girl, an undergraduate hired for this role, said little until the S made some positive remarks about the experiment and then said that she was surprised because a friend of hers had taken the experiment the week before and had told her that it was boring and that she ought to try to get out of it. According to Festinger and Carlsmith, the participants experienced dissonance between the conflicting cognitions of telling someone that a particular task is interesting when the truth is, they found it rather uninteresting and boring. Gerard goes to his job interview dressed in patched blue jeans, a torn t-shirt, and sandals. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? Which of the following was NOT a component of Robert Sternberg's theory of love? Cognitive dissonance theory is the theory that we act to reduce discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent (Myers 2007). We would also like to acknowledge the help of Ruth Smith and Marilyn M. Miller. Let us review these briefly: 1. /H [ 658 210 ] His refusal to grant them loans is an example of________. by meredith_davis9, As can be readily seen in Table 1, there are only negligible differences among conditions. One way in which the dissonance can be reduced is for the person to change his private opinion so as to bring it into correspondence with what he has said. 1. Actually this finding by Kelman is consistent with the theory we will outline below but, for a number of reasons is not conclusive. The most likely predictor of the development of prejudice and discrimination between two groups is the degree of _____ between the groups. He did this for one-half hour. Rating scale -5 to +5, Did the experiment give the subject an opportunity to learn about their own abilities? Evanston, Ill: Row Peterson, 1957. Please select the correct language below. This point will be discussed further in connection with the results. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-211. %%EOF Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. The highest t value for any of these differences is only 0.48. Sets of assumptions that people have about how different types of people, personality traits, ion. In Asian cultures, people tend to explain the behavior of others as a result of______. & JANIS, I.L. We tend to _____ attractive people more than we do less attractive people. This study showed people are subjected to conformity for the first time scientifically. The average rating in this condition is only -.05, slightly and not significantly higher than the Control condition. Desire to Participate in a Similar Experiment. Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page (p.47) Which of the following does NOT represent an effective method for reducing prejudice? Scott, W. A. Which situation would be last likely to result in a decrease of prejudice? Sandy was using_______ processing. Stats 4: Comparing Two or More Groups What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, which no anticipation of reward? The difference between the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions is significant at the .03 level (t = 2.22). Three Ss (one in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) refused to take the money and refused to be hired. Two derivations from this theory are tested here. To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of Kitty Genovese's neighbors to help her? These recordings were transcribed and then rated, by two independent raters, on five dimensions. Maria had fallen victim to the_______technique. endobj In Latane and Darley's classic 1969 study, they found that____ of the participants reported the smoke in the room when the two confederates in the room noticed the smoke but then ignored it.
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