In pursuance of the above general principles the chief civil officers of the provinces are to be called Residents which implies one who carries on diplomatic relations rather than Commissioners or Administrators. From 1790 to 1807, predominantly British slave traders purchased 1,0002,000 slaves each year in Lagos alone. 0 Wishlist. rockin' the west coast prayer group; easy bulky sweater knitting pattern. Beecroft was the British representative to Fernando Po, where the African Slave Trade Patrol of the Royal Navy was stationed. He definitely laid the basis for British claims. Egypt) and titles (e.g. British soap and cosmetics manufacturers tried to obtain land concessions for growing oil palms, but these were refused. A.J. Progressive constitutions after World War II provided for increasing representation and electoral government by Nigerians. [31], In 1891, the consulate established the Niger Coast Protectorate Force or "Oil Rivers Irregulars".[32]. Despite conquering villages by burning houses and crops, continual political control over the Igbo remained elusive. Imperialism, or the extension of one nation-state's domination or control over territory outside its own boundaries, peaked in the 19th century as European powers extended their holdings around the world. [59], Following the order recommended by the Niger Committee, the Colonial Office merged Lagos Colony and the Southern Nigeria Protectorate on 1 May 1906, forming a larger protectorate (still called the Southern Nigeria Protectorate) which spanned the coastline between Dahomey and Cameroon. In the north, the emirs intended to maintain firm control on economic and political change. The small contingent of northerners who had been educated abroada group that included Abubakar Tafawa Balewa and Aminu Kanowas allied with British-backed efforts to introduce gradual change to the emirates. The council was headed by a Governor. It, therefore, hired native intermediaries who could conduct diplomacy, trade and intelligence work in the local area. In the Northern Region, the colonial government took careful account of Islam and avoided any appearance of a challenge to traditional values that might incite resistance to British rule. The legal justification for this campaign was a treaty signed in 1886, when the British had interceded as peacemakers to end the Ekiti Parapo war, which imposed free trade requirements and mandated that all parties continue to use British channels for diplomacy. The Industrial Revolution was a period of scientific and technological development in the 18th century that transformed largely rural, agrarian societiesespecially in Europe and North America . Not wishing to appear out of control or weak, they approved the expedition (two days after it began) on 19 January 1903.,[47] In general, the Colonial Office allowed Lugard's expeditions to continue because they were framed as retaliatory and, as Olivier commented in 1906, "If the millions of people [in Nigeria] who do not want us there once get the notion that our people can be killed with impunity they will not be slow to attempt it."[48]. In 1912, Lugard returned to Nigeria from his six-year term as Governor of Hong Kong, to oversee the merger of the northern and southern protectorates. Elections were held for a new and greatly enlarged House of Representatives in December 1959; 174 of the 312 seats were allocated to the Northern Region on the basis of its larger population. The Northern People's Congress (NPC) was organised in the late 1940s by a small group of Western-educated Northern Nigerians. Its residents were employed in official capacities and were active in business. As a further step toward independence, the Governor's Executive Council was merged with the Council of Ministers in 1957 to form the all-Nigerian Federal Executive Council. Missionaries were active: Presbyterians in Calabar and the Church Missionary Society (CMS), Methodists, and Baptists in Lagos, Abeokuta, Ibadan, Oyo, and Ogbomoso. These courts contained majorities British members and represented a new level of presumptive British sovereignty in the Bight of Biafra. The modern history of Nigeria - as a political state encompassing 250 to 400 ethnic groups of widely varied cultures and modes of political organization - dates from the completion of the. [] They needed special personnel: such officials who knew the local conditions and who could communicate between the Company and the indigenous people. After the Berlin Conference of 1884, Britain announced the formation of the Oil Rivers Protectorate, which included the Niger Delta and extended eastward to Calabar, where the British Consulate General was relocated from Fernando Po. The conference drafted the terms of a new constitution. From 1886 to 1899, much of the country was ruled by the Royal Niger Company, authorised by charter, and governed by George Taubman Goldie. factors that led to the british conquest of nigeria. Newspapers, some of which were published before World War I, provided coverage of nationalist views. Officials of the Sokoto Caliphate considered these treaties quite differently; from their perspective, the British were granted only extraterritorial rights that did not prevent similar arrangements with the Germans and the French and certainly did not surrender sovereignty. The first factor to be taken into account is that the British by nature are conservative. In the main the following factors contributed to the growth of colonies: Firstly, in the first place the discovery of new lands encouraged the various colonies to establish their colonies there. Most of the fighting was done by Hausa soldiers, recruited to fight against other groups. In the north, appeals to Islamic legitimacy upheld the rule of the emirs, so that nationalist sentiments were related to Islamic ideals. In German East Africa, Britain took over Tangayika while Ruanda-Urundi possessions were given to Belgium. British expansion accelerated in the last decades of the nineteenth century. During the war, the colonial government earmarked a large portion of the Nigerian budget as a contribution to imperial defence. [11], The British led a series of military campaigns to enlarge its sphere of influence and expand its commercial opportunities. His objective was to conquer the entire region and to obtain recognition of the British protectorate by its indigenous rulers, especially the Fulani emirs of the Sokoto Caliphate. In 1957, the Western and the Eastern regions became formally self-governing under the parliamentary system. The British encouraged this secession, worsening the war even further. [59], Lugard advocated constantly for the unification of the whole territory, and in August 1911 the Colonial Office asked Lugard to lead the amalgamated colony.[60]. Doctrine of Lapse. The preparation of a new federal constitution for an independent Nigeria was carried out at conferences held at Lancaster House in London in 1957 and 1958, which were presided over by The Rt. [13], The Colonial Office accepted Lugard's proposal that the Governor would not be required to stay in-country full-time; consequently, as Governor, Lugard spent four months out of the year in London. The Action Group was largely the creation of Chief Obafemi Awolowo, General Secretary of Egbe Omo Oduduwa and leader of the Nigerian Produce Traders' Association. The company's major imports to the area included gin and low-quality firearms. The Colonial Civil Service used intermediaries, as the Royal Niger Company had, in an expanded role which included diplomacy, propaganda and espionage. [55], Under the Colonial Office was the Governor, who managed the administration of his colony and held powers of emergency rule. 1) Lack of British Personnel: Obviously Nigeria was not the only West African country colonized by the British, other countries like Ghana, Sierra-Leone and The Gambia were part of the British colonies. Although Azikiwe later came to be recognised as the leading spokesman for national unity, when he first returned from university training in the United States, his outlook was pan-African rather than nationalist, and emphasised the common African struggle against European colonialism. Their common denominators tended to be based on newly assertive ethnic consciousness, particularly that of the Yoruba and Igbo. with the Norman Conquest led by William, the Duke of Normandy. They invited missionaries to follow them and, in the 1840s, made themselves available as agents who allowed missionaries and British traders to gain access to such places as Lagos, Abeokuta, Calabar, Lokoja, Onitsha, Brass, and Bonny. He was contemptuous of the educated and Westernised African elite found more in the South, and he recommended transferring the capital from Lagos, the cosmopolitan city where the influence of these people was most pronounced, to Kaduna in the north. [46] Lugard was slow to describe these excursions to the Colonial Office, which apparently learned of preparations to attack Kano from the newspapers in December 1902. Hence, precolonial level of development is positively asso-ciated with level of Spanish colonialism, but negatively associated with level of British colonialism. British colony and protectorate from 1914 to 1960, Contemporary photograph of the same building, now housing the, Developments in colonial policy under Clifford, Emergence of Southern Nigerian nationalism, Constitutional conferences in the UK (195758), All of this section to this point is from. The legitimate trade in commodities attracted a number of British merchants to the Niger River, as well as some men who had been formerly engaged in the slave trade but who now changed their line of wares. The kingdom of Benin began in the 900s when the Edo people settled in the rainforests of West Africa. The so-called Macpherson Constitution, after the incumbent Governor-General John Stuart Macpherson, went into effect the following year. By the end of the Napoleonic Wars, it ended slavery in its possessions. The history of external colonisation of Africa can be divided into two stages: Classical antiquity and European colonialism. They noticed something odd about the local fishermen and asked to come ashore. Because of the hazards of climate and tropical diseases for Europeans and the absence of any centralized authorities on the mainland responsive to their interests, European merchants moored their ships outside harbours or in the delta, and used the ships as trading stations and warehouses. Wartime experiences provided a new frame of reference for many soldiers, who interacted across ethnic boundaries in ways that were unusual in Nigeria. The rapid expansion in exports, especially after 1830, occurred precisely at the time slave exports collapsed. Despite his somewhat successful efforts to enlist non-Yoruba support, the regionalist sentiment that had stimulated the party initially continued. In all three regions, minority parties represented the special interests of ethnic groups, especially as they were affected by the majority. Nigerian students abroad, particularly at British schools, joined those from other colonies in pan-African groups such as the West African Students Union, founded in London in 1925. [38][39], In 1892 the British Armed Forces set out to fight the Ijebu Kingdom, which had resisted missionaries and foreign traders. Balewa was called on to head an NPC-NCNC coalition government, and Awolowo became the official leader of the opposition. The palm oil trade was also linked to the Sokoto jihad and the Yoruba wars, because many warriors recognized the importance of slaves not only as soldiers and producers of food to feed soldiers but additionally as producers of palm oil to trade for European dane guns and other goods. Read suggested they be merged, and more use made of Nigeria's natural resources. The election of the House of Representatives after the adoption of the 1954 constitution gave the NPC a total of seventy-nine seats, all from the Northern Region. In one year, Lugard recruited 2600 troops, evenly split between Hausa and Yoruba. [75] The colonial government was not equipped nor ready in general for such a situation. brighton grey motion loveseat; waterford, ct obituaries; jane wymark children. Sometimes forced labour was used directly for public works projects. We bind ourselves not to have any intercourse with any strangers or foreigners except through the said national African Company (Limited), and we give the said National African Company (Limited) full power to exclude all other strangers and foreigners from their territory at their discretion. This line was extended to Oshogbo, 100 kilometres (62mi) away, in 19051907, and to Zungeru and Minna in 19081911. Ever since, the north-south divide has dominated the politics of independent Nigeria. In November 1908, Bergheim reported striking oil; in September 1909, he reported extracting 2,000 barrels per day. The war was driven by the commercial and imperial rivalry between Britain and France, and by the antagonism between Prussia (allied to Britain) and Austria (allied to France). [42], The British had difficulty conquering Igboland, which lacked a central political organisation. In general, the regional constitutions followed the federal model, both structurally and functionally. Under Goldie's direction, the Royal Niger Company was instrumental in depriving France and Germany of access to the region. From Lugard's point of view, clear-cut military victories were necessary because the surrenders of the defeated peoples weakened resistance elsewhere. It was also partly to protect the Egba that the British shelled Lagos in 1851, expelled Kosoko, the reigning oba, and restored his uncle, Akitoye, who appeared more willing to join in a campaign to abolish the slave trade. oriented. Hausa was recognised as an official language in the north, and knowledge of it was expected of colonial officers serving there. In-text citation: [58], Some of these public work projects were accomplished with the help of forced labour from native black Africans, referred to as "Political Labour". [18], In 1807, the Parliament of the United Kingdom enacted the Slave Trade Act, prohibiting British subjects from participating in the Atlantic slave trade. His government guided the country for the next three years, operating with almost complete autonomy in internal affairs. Recovery came quickly and improvements in port facilities and the transportation infrastructure during World War I furthered economic development. Palm oil was used locally for cooking, the kernels were a source for food, trees were tapped for palm wine, and the fronds were used for building material. A lack of interest in extending the NPC beyond the Northern Region corresponded to this strictly regional orientation. The company received 865,000 compensation for the loss of its Charter. Mordi, Emmanuel Nwafor. He was prepared to introduce educational and economic changes to strengthen the north. By 1903 the conquest of the emirates was complete. the British Government completed their assignment of conquest and came up with what they called the Amalgamation of Nigeria . In a sense, you can say that the British were the cause of the Biafran Civil War which happened in Nigeria from 1967 to 1970. He also led the Nigerian National Democratic Party, which dominated elections in Lagos from its founding in 1922 until the ascendancy of the National Youth Movement in 1938. [29] His servant, Richard Lander, and Lander's brother John were the ones to demonstrate that the Niger flowed into the sea. In 1907, the corporation received a loan of 25,000, repayable upon discovery of oil. The Lander brothers were seized by slave traders in the interior and sold down the river to a waiting European ship. Empty cart. Macbeth) in the essay title portion of your citation. The British also created "divide and rule" policies, pitting Hindu and Muslim Indians against one another. The traders suffered from the risks of their position and believed they were at the mercy of the coastal rulers, whom they considered unpredictable. During the war, union membership increased sixfold to 30,000. But in the 1700s, the Bight of Benin (also known as the Slave Coast) became the next most important hub. England would forever be changed politically, economically, and socially as a result. In the north, for instance, legislation took the form of a decree cosigned by the Governor and the emir, while in the south, the Governor sought the approval of the Legislative Council. Solicitar ms informacin: 310-2409701 | administracion@consultoresayc.co. All the territories were now under British control, and the search for an identity began, first as Northern and Southern Nigeria and then with eventual amalgamation. They had obtained the assent of the emirs to form a political party to counterbalance the activities of the southern-based parties. Nigerian recruits participated in the war effort as labourers and soldiers. Deadly battles broke out sporadically through 1906. The influx of cowrie led to inflation. E-mail: tundeoduwobi@yahoo.com Recibido: 15 Marzo 2011 / Revisado: 7 Abril 2011 / Aceptado: 17 Abril . [16] Starting in 1740, the British were the primary European slave trafficker from this area. They were the most politically conscious segment of the population and created the vanguard of the nationalist movement. An extensive immigrant population of southerners, especially Igbo, already were living in the north; they dominated clerical positions and were active in many trades. The Royal Navy bombarded Lagos in November 1851, ousted the pro-slavery Oba Kosoko and established a treaty with the newly installed Oba Akintoye, who was expectedly more amenable to British interests. It assumed that comparable alterations would be made elsewhere, an attitude that won the party minority voting support in the other regions. (Specifically it would enable direct subsidy of the less profitable Northern jurisdiction.) In the name of liberating the Igbos from the Aro Confederacy, the British launched the Anglo-Aro War of 19011902. When direct Portuguese contacts in the region were withdrawn, however, the influence of the Catholic missionaries waned. Most internal problems were concealed, and open opposition to the domination of the Muslim aristocracy was not tolerated. Indeed it was these developments in the history of Kano that transformed the political outlook of the people. In an economy with many qualified applicants for every post, great resentment was generated by any favouritism that authorities showed to members of their own ethnic group. In February 1961, a plebiscite was conducted to determine the disposition of the Southern Cameroons and Northern Cameroons, which were administered by Britain as United Nations Trust Territories. Some of the treaties contained prohibitions on diplomacy conducted without British permission, or other promises to abide by British rule. [37] Economically, local colonial administrators also pushed for the imposition of British colonial rule, believing that trade and taxation conducted in British pounds would prove far more lucrative than a barter trade which yielded only inconsistent customs duties. Catholic missionaries were particularly active among the Igbo; the CMS worked among the Yoruba. Free shipping for many products! In 1905, the colonial government divided Bengal into Hindu and Muslim sections; this division was revoked after strong protests. [70], Lugard's immediate successor (19191925), Sir Hugh Clifford, was an aristocratic professional administrator with liberal instincts who had won recognition for his enlightened governorship of the Gold Coast in 19121919. How did use of enslaved African people for labour develop? Inconsistencies in British policy reinforced existing cleavages based on regional animosities, as the British tried both to preserve the indigenous cultures of each area and to introduce modern technology, and Western political and social concepts. [72], The Influenza pandemic made its way to the port of Lagos by September 1918 by way of a number of ships including the SS Panayiotis, the SS Ahanti, and the SS Bida. Segments of the Yoruba community had their own animosities and new rivalries arose. The Royal Niger Company had its own armed forces. Their forces, which were drawn from hundreds of Igbo youth from all parts of the region, created many problems for the British, but the British used forceful tactics and heavy armaments (destroying homes, farms, and roads) to prevail. mitchelville beach house. The most important innovations in the new charter reinforced the dual course of constitutional evolution, allowing for both regional autonomy and federal union. It was British colonialism which was the ultimate cause of the war . At first, the trade centered around West Central Africa, now the Congo. The council was promoted as a device for allowing the expression of opinions that could instruct the Governor-General. The economy suffered from the decline in the slave trade, although considerable smuggling of slaves to the Americas continued for years afterward. This rate rose to 20,000 per year in the last quarter of the century. In 1805, he set out on a second expedition, sponsored by the British Government, to follow the Niger to the sea. Britain also encouraged the formation of the Muslim League of India in 1907. [77] Its revenue quickly increased, from 4,424 in 1901 to 274,989 in 1910. European traders in Nigeria initially made widespread use of the cowrie, which was already valued locally. Because of the spread of mission schools and wealth derived from export crops, the southern parties were committed to policies that would benefit the south of the country. [73] In direct reaction to the epidemic, colonial authorities allowed African doctors and medical personnel to work with influenza patients due to the severity of the situation. Every Sultan and Emir and the principal officers of state will be appointed by the high Commissioner throughout all this country. In the South, only English had official status. The rapid growth of organised labour in the 1940s also brought new political forces into play. As before, Aro merchants dominated trade in the hinterland, including palm products to the coast and the sale of slaves within Igboland. In 1794, the African Association in Great Britain commissioned Mungo Park, an intrepid Scottish physician and naturalist, to search for the headwaters of the Niger and follow the river downstream. During the 1880's through 1914, the start of WWI, was an age of imperialism. These organisations were primarily urban phenomena that arose after numerous rural migrants moved to the cities. [56], Walter Egerton's sixfold agenda for 1908, as detailed on 29 November 1907, in a telegram to the Colonial Office, is representative of British priorities. Anietie A. Inyang & Manasseh Edidem Bassey, "Imperial Treaties and the Origins of British Colonial Rule in Southern Nigeria, 18601890".
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