golf driving range design standards

Our designs incorporate accessibility. To equate how much light this is in person, this ranges from living room light up to office lighting levels. Rose holds a B.A. Design and Build New Driving Range Facilities; Design Hitting Areas, single or multi levels; Landing Areas that replicate course play; Heated or air . How Many Watts and Lumens is Required to Light a Golf Course? Must bunkers be similar to the on-course bunkers? High bay light offers the same values as golf lighting but can be mounted to the roof of a building. Any recreational golfing location will range in Lux levels that are between 100-300 Lux. Our golf driving range shelters and structures are expertly engineered to be adaptable for many different configurations and business requirements such as break out, ball dispensing space and or adjoining ancillary caf or pro shop. Para Espaol Extensin 7. You want to look at turf slopes. A device that measures Lux is placed 1 meter above the golf course grass. The latest digital equipment removes frames that sense any kind of flashing or blacked-out frames, making images appear seamless. They are pointed downward and can be spaced according to a spacing chart. 106 were here. Lets get started breaking down the essentials of what youll need and why. So, why doesn't everyone max that out? When it comes down to the big sponsored events like the Masters Tournament, US Open, PGA tour you need lots of light. He also reminds designers not to place the range near high-traffic areas, especially if theyre to the right of the tee area, because of the amount of slicing thats likely to occur. The fixtures and mounts are sold separately in order to allow installers to precisely match fixture quantity to the precise lighting requirements of their specific range. All our structures feature spacious driving positions on a 'sprung' timber deck, the ergonomically designed modules provide an inviting and comfortable environment. All our structures feature spacious driving positions on a sprung timber deck, the ergonomically designed modules provide an inviting and comfortable environment. You dont find higher levels until you start getting into the exclusive clubs and members-only golf courses. We like to close the range at times to convert it to a short course for juniors temporarily. Mats are necessary. . Sure, the lights can be put on a dimmer, but if that light wasnt meant to be dimmed, you might have another problem after that. Executive Summary. Each individual driving range developer must negotiate the appropriate bureaucratic landscape, possibly including local, state and federal building codes, zoning laws or environmental regulations. In the effort to bring you the latest info on the golf course and driving range lighting info, we present this supreme guide. For artificial turf, spacing is completely different. But I think in a practice bunker the sand should be pitched uphill, so a golfer gains confidence. Some driving ranges, or practice areas, are attached to golf courses -- both public and private -- while others are stand-alone practice facilities. In this case, they will need to be outfitted with a lightning rod and special copper wire that safely transfers high powered voltage into the ground. He has contributed to a variety of national and local publications, specializing in sports writing. This is sometimes hard to do. On the range, I try for 12 feet between each tee, but its up to the operator. Each golf driving range greatly improves the playing environment for golfers whilst needing minimal management and maintenance from the operator. You need a wider beam angle to correct this problem. However, the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) does recommend 20 footcandles at the tee box and 10 footcandles of . Yes. A first-class driving range with slots for 50 golfers along with two chipping greens and two putting greens will be available. Lighting nearer the golfers should be brighter than lighting at the far end of the range. These efforts create active and passive recreational and educational opportunities in an aesthetically pleasing environment. Those who work in aerospace jobs or electronics will also see high amounts of light to see details more clearly. These lights are commonly used for indoor golf range simulators and for drive ranges. Each golf driving range building is a modular building system and so adaptable to create your own unique number of driving positions. Mats are necessary, certainly in the northern clime. .E6jjcn{direction:var(--direction);display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:var(--justify-content);margin:var(--margin);position:relative}.Zc7IjY{direction:ltr;margin:var(--item-margin)}.VM7gjN{display:flex;flex-direction:column} See more golf course and driving range lighting knowledge, Our address: 1535 Webster St, Oakland, CA 94612Our email: info@sportlightsupply.comOur phone: +1 906 753 7153, LED lights more essential for broadcasting, Golf Course Lightning: 5 Safety Precautions You Should Follow. These are lights that are placed on top of light poles that are especially tall. Nothing will appear overexposed or washed out. Suitable for golf clubs and sports grounds of every calibre, the portfolio of H-B Designs structures are able to offer an all-weather driving range provision, encourage player development, add benefit for club members and provide an introductory game space for newcomers. The height of each pole also needs the right amount of clearance so every playing hole is illuminated. Lighting at a recreational golf course doesnt get any upgrades unless there is a special need to bring in additional lighting. They are not nearly as expensive as metal signs with metal supports and are far more attrac-tive. Each golf course high mast light pole can light up 50-200m radius. Some courses are retrofitting their practice areas for accessibility. In addition to a driving area thats about 330 yards long, Norby advises designers to include a putting area of approximately 10,000 to 15,000 square feet, plus another green to which players may hit practice bunker and chip shots from as far away as 60 feet. In a way, a golfing spotlight is a short beam angle used for long ranges. We have found that good driving range lighting design starts with the lights being mounted behind the golfers and then being supplemented with additional pole mounted down range lights to light up the second half of the range. Even in Florida, you still want a tee line that is available to hit balls off during a big outing or inclement weather. But there are additional landscaping features that make edge lighting harder to control. This makes LED lights more essential for broadcasting and slow-motion cameras. The real problem with practice bunkers is that they are raked so much. High powered lighting works best in an environment like a driving range because of its focused optics and high wattage. Why do the Stadium Lights Flicker? Golfers can use technology to determine distance. Color temperature is the measurement on a light scale which tells you the categorized color emitted from a light source. Different types of light all have different frequencies for flicker problems. I ts a funny thing, Arnold Palmer once said. For every spot on the range, you can determine the best distance. So we asked what questions they had. He also recommends making the tee areas as large as humanly possible, which allows for an easier maintenance schedule. In a recent Master Plan revision, we have planned for the inclusion of a 9-hole reversible and interactive short course (on five acres) that will generate even more revenue if built. Ball flight is always an issue. Kinloch Golf Club is still my favorite because it does all of the above. Higher ceilings need shorter angles so that light can spread out between fixtures. There is always going to be a difference in light pole height all throughout a golf course. Golfers may end-up feeling dazzled and aside from that its a waste of energy too. It took two years and 25 permits before construction could begin. The more I practice, the luckier I get. Many golfers take practice more seriously now than in years past, and the same can be said for those who design golf courses. Finding the appropriate number of light poles ultimately depends on the layout of a golf course. To briefly let you understand what is Horizontal illuminance, this is a light reading that is taken on the golf course. Bunkers should resemble those on the real course if possible, so you can practice different shots: shallow, deep, long. Golf Driving Range Design Regulations by Danielle Kessman Mulky / in Health Golfers hoping to perfect their game often spend hours at the golf driving range before heading out to the course. This also includes the horizontal and vertical Lux as well as light uniformity. Higher levels increase the whiteness and brightness factors. Use tab to navigate through the menu items. Join Email Club Company Info Request . In the end, youll have a better idea of what is needed for your golf course and why. The longer the distance there is the wider the beam becomes. They cant be set up like a row of soldiers. Let's explore how to achieve the best lighting for your project. The H-B Designs CURL golf driving range structure has a distinctive curving roof that provides ample space and weather protection whilst being structurally very strong. Just to be clear, beam angles for golf course lights are a very simple formula to understand. If you have any questions on how to further improve your course, well be happy to assist. Past 200 yards, I like to have 200-250 feet between the right edge of the range and anything: people, parking, the clubhouse, etc. The PGA Professionals who are thinking outside of the traditional methods and practices, and are offering real programming changes for women, youth, seniors and advanced players are making the highest revenue benefits. The topography of the golf course is another issue that requires a fair amount of lighting research. Do you design practice facilities to be accessible to disabled golfers? Rebounding balls, incorrect driving bay design and inadequate fencing are the main reasons for the large number of accidents on ranges although trip hazards, multi storey bays and trespass are also contributors . It depends on the project and the budget. Typical golf range lighting using metal halide falls below 5,000K. The lower a beam angle happens to be, the longer the distance is required to allow the light to fan-out. This is the kind of light that you see at the doctors office when they use their examination lamp. What is the ideal orientation of a range? This is a photometric study that reproduces your golf course in 3D graphics. For a recreational course, this can be an average of 0.4-0.5 light uniformity of each section that is measured for light. Driving Ranges can exist as stand-alone facilities, or in conjunction with practice holes or a course which allows players to progress to real golf. How to Stop the Flickering of LED Stadium Lighting? Spacing between tees needs to be generous in terms of width and depth, depending on the turf. Five percent of the tees -- or at least one tee area, if the range has fewer than 20 tee boxes -- must be handicap-accessible. Questions? All rights reserved. I dont think the sun is as essential as the wind. Let our experienced and professional team help you to design and install the perfect net for your golf range, golf course, or driving range today. A truly unique golf experience. For every pole thats installed along the course and driving range, the angles need to be mapped out. How Many Acres Are Needed for an 18 Hole Golf Course. Work. There will be more sections along the course that are overlapped as well. Recreational courses may choose a warmer soothing light alternatively. Basically, a driving range is a rectangular piece of land {(50-100 m) Width X (200-300 m) Length} set away to practice the game by hitting Golf Balls to targets of various distances. Ideally, thats what you want to practice off of. Golf is becoming more inclusive. One such example is using a 15-degree flood light to light-up close range areas. Golf course and driving range floodlighting solutions you can count on to let you track the flight of your ball all the way - from tee to cup. Teaching buildings, with covered and heated hitting areas, are a good idea. As golf is becoming very popular with a new generation lighting levels allow a specific amount of light to be appealing. Whats your favorite practice facility that youve designed, and why? There are often more flood lights used so that light is blanketing the golf course as evenly as possible. The light sensor is pointed North, South, East, and West for a collective reading that is equal or lesser. For example, a Chicago-area developer who built a golf course and driving range on top of a construction landfill was required by the state to cover the area with 1 foot of clay plus some additional topsoil before proceeding, according to an article on Golf Range Times.com. Teaching programs, clubfitting and youth programs. This will result in a bright spot thats created. Each golf driving range building is a modular building system and so adaptable to create your own unique number of driving positions. LEDs can be as high as 6,500K, but LED floodlights are usually between 4,500K and 5,000K. For practice ranges its common enough that 100-200 Lux is all thats required. If an average golfer can zero in on length, it improves scores. .TWFxr5{height:auto!important}. You have to make sure your target greens are at grade, not up in the air, so they orient properly. This is why a good lighting plan is required to remove these potential limitations across the golf course itself. Over the years of creating lighting designs for golf courses, we know what works and what doesnt. Driving ranges must conform with the Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines, as issued by the U.S. Access Board, an independent federal agency. Rose has worked as a print and online journalist for more than 20 years. Call 203.642.4088. At Ace Golf Netting, we are commercial netting experts. :host(:not(.device-mobile-optimized)) .CohWsy,body:not(.device-mobile-optimized) .CohWsy{--display:flex;display:var(--display)}:host(:not(.device-mobile-optimized)) .V5AUxf,body:not(.device-mobile-optimized) .V5AUxf{display:flex;margin:0 auto;position:relative;width:calc(100% - var(--padding)*2)}:host(:not(.device-mobile-optimized)) .V5AUxf>*,body:not(.device-mobile-optimized) .V5AUxf>*{flex:var(--column-flex) 1 0%;left:0;margin-bottom:var(--padding);margin-left:var(--margin);margin-top:var(--padding);min-width:0;position:relative;top:0}:host(:not(.device-mobile-optimized)) .V5AUxf>:first-child,body:not(.device-mobile-optimized) .V5AUxf>:first-child{margin-left:0}:host(.device-mobile-optimized) .V5AUxf,body.device-mobile-optimized .V5AUxf{display:block;padding:var(--padding) 0;position:relative}:host(.device-mobile-optimized) .V5AUxf>*,body.device-mobile-optimized .V5AUxf>*{margin-bottom:var(--margin);position:relative}:host(.device-mobile-optimized) .V5AUxf>:first-child,body.device-mobile-optimized .V5AUxf>:first-child{margin-top:var(--firstChildMarginTop,0)}:host(.device-mobile-optimized) .V5AUxf>:last-child,body.device-mobile-optimized .V5AUxf>:last-child{margin-bottom:var(--lastChildMarginBottom,var(--margin))}.LIhNy3{-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;backface-visibility:hidden}.HlRz5e{display:block;height:100%;width:100%}.HlRz5e img{max-width:var(--wix-img-max-width,100%)}.HlRz5e[data-animate-blur] img{filter:blur(9px);transition:filter .8s ease-in}.HlRz5e[data-animate-blur] img[data-load-done]{filter:none}._1hLNj{display:block}._1hLNj,.if7Vw2{height:100%;width:100%}.if7Vw2{left:0;-webkit-mask-image:var(--mask-image,none);mask-image:var(--mask-image,none);-webkit-mask-position:var(--mask-position,0);mask-position:var(--mask-position,0);-webkit-mask-repeat:var(--mask-repeat,no-repeat);mask-repeat:var(--mask-repeat,no-repeat);-webkit-mask-size:var(--mask-size,100%);mask-size:var(--mask-size,100%);overflow:hidden;pointer-events:var(--fill-layer-background-media-pointer-events);position:absolute;top:0}.if7Vw2.f0uTJH{clip:rect(0,auto,auto,0)}.if7Vw2 .i1tH8h{height:100%;position:absolute;top:0;width:100%}.if7Vw2 .DXi4PB{height:var(--fill-layer-image-height,100%);opacity:var(--fill-layer-image-opacity)}.if7Vw2 .DXi4PB img{height:100%;width:100%}@supports(-webkit-hyphens:none){.if7Vw2.f0uTJH{clip:auto;-webkit-clip-path:inset(0)}}.wG8dni{height:100%}.tcElKx{background-color:var(--bg-overlay-color);background-image:var(--bg-gradient)}.ImALHf,.Ybjs9b{opacity:var(--fill-layer-video-opacity)}.UWmm3w{bottom:var(--media-padding-bottom);height:var(--media-padding-height);position:absolute;top:var(--media-padding-top);width:100%}.Yjj1af{transform:scale(var(--scale,1));transition:var(--transform-duration,transform 0s)}.ImALHf{height:100%;position:relative;width:100%}._uqPqy{-webkit-clip-path:var(--fill-layer-clip);clip-path:var(--fill-layer-clip)}._uqPqy,.eKyYhK{position:absolute;top:0}._uqPqy,.eKyYhK,.x0mqQS img{height:100%;width:100%}.pnCr6P{opacity:0}.blf7sp,.pnCr6P{position:absolute;top:0}.blf7sp{height:0;left:0;overflow:hidden;width:0}.rWP3Gv{left:0;pointer-events:var(--fill-layer-background-media-pointer-events);position:var(--fill-layer-background-media-position)}.Tr4n3d,.rWP3Gv,.wRqk6s{height:100%;top:0;width:100%}.wRqk6s{position:absolute}.Tr4n3d{background-color:var(--fill-layer-background-overlay-color);opacity:var(--fill-layer-background-overlay-blend-opacity-fallback,1);position:var(--fill-layer-background-overlay-position);transform:var(--fill-layer-background-overlay-transform)}@supports(mix-blend-mode:overlay){.Tr4n3d{mix-blend-mode:var(--fill-layer-background-overlay-blend-mode);opacity:var(--fill-layer-background-overlay-blend-opacity,1)}}.VXAmO2{--divider-pin-height__:min(1,calc(var(--divider-layers-pin-factor__) + 1));--divider-pin-layer-height__:var(--divider-layers-pin-factor__);--divider-pin-border__:min(1,calc(var(--divider-layers-pin-factor__) / -1 + 1));height:calc(var(--divider-height__) + var(--divider-pin-height__)*var(--divider-layers-size__)*var(--divider-layers-y__))}.VXAmO2,.VXAmO2 .dy3w_9{left:0;position:absolute;width:100%}.VXAmO2 .dy3w_9{--divider-layer-i__:var(--divider-layer-i,0);background-position:left calc(50% + var(--divider-offset-x__) + var(--divider-layers-x__)*var(--divider-layer-i__)) bottom;background-repeat:repeat-x;border-bottom-style:solid;border-bottom-width:calc(var(--divider-pin-border__)*var(--divider-layer-i__)*var(--divider-layers-y__));height:calc(var(--divider-height__) + var(--divider-pin-layer-height__)*var(--divider-layer-i__)*var(--divider-layers-y__));opacity:calc(1 - var(--divider-layer-i__)/(var(--divider-layer-i__) + 1))}.UORcXs{--divider-height__:var(--divider-top-height,auto);--divider-offset-x__:var(--divider-top-offset-x,0px);--divider-layers-size__:var(--divider-top-layers-size,0);--divider-layers-y__:var(--divider-top-layers-y,0px);--divider-layers-x__:var(--divider-top-layers-x,0px);--divider-layers-pin-factor__:var(--divider-top-layers-pin-factor,0);border-top:var(--divider-top-padding,0) solid var(--divider-top-color,currentColor);opacity:var(--divider-top-opacity,1);top:0;transform:var(--divider-top-flip,scaleY(-1))}.UORcXs .dy3w_9{background-image:var(--divider-top-image,none);background-size:var(--divider-top-size,contain);border-color:var(--divider-top-color,currentColor);bottom:0;filter:var(--divider-top-filter,none)}.Io4VUz{--divider-height__:var(--divider-bottom-height,auto);--divider-offset-x__:var(--divider-bottom-offset-x,0px);--divider-layers-size__:var(--divider-bottom-layers-size,0);--divider-layers-y__:var(--divider-bottom-layers-y,0px);--divider-layers-x__:var(--divider-bottom-layers-x,0px);--divider-layers-pin-factor__:var(--divider-bottom-layers-pin-factor,0);border-bottom:var(--divider-bottom-padding,0) solid var(--divider-bottom-color,currentColor);bottom:0;opacity:var(--divider-bottom-opacity,1);transform:var(--divider-bottom-flip,none)}.Io4VUz .dy3w_9{background-image:var(--divider-bottom-image,none);background-size:var(--divider-bottom-size,contain);border-color:var(--divider-bottom-color,currentColor);bottom:0;filter:var(--divider-bottom-filter,none)}.YzqVVZ{overflow:visible;position:relative}.mwF7X1{-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;backface-visibility:hidden}.YGilLk{cursor:pointer}.I5zqsT{display:block}.I5zqsT,.MW5IWV{height:100%;width:100%}.MW5IWV{left:0;-webkit-mask-image:var(--mask-image,none);mask-image:var(--mask-image,none);-webkit-mask-position:var(--mask-position,0);mask-position:var(--mask-position,0);-webkit-mask-repeat:var(--mask-repeat,no-repeat);mask-repeat:var(--mask-repeat,no-repeat);-webkit-mask-size:var(--mask-size,100%);mask-size:var(--mask-size,100%);overflow:hidden;pointer-events:var(--fill-layer-background-media-pointer-events);position:absolute;top:0}.MW5IWV.N3eg0s{clip:rect(0,auto,auto,0)}.MW5IWV .Kv1aVt{height:100%;position:absolute;top:0;width:100%}.MW5IWV .dLPlxY{height:var(--fill-layer-image-height,100%);opacity:var(--fill-layer-image-opacity)}.MW5IWV .dLPlxY img{height:100%;width:100%}@supports(-webkit-hyphens:none){.MW5IWV.N3eg0s{clip:auto;-webkit-clip-path:inset(0)}}.VgO9Yg{height:100%}.LWbAav{background-color:var(--bg-overlay-color);background-image:var(--bg-gradient)}.K_YxMd,.yK6aSC{opacity:var(--fill-layer-video-opacity)}.NGjcJN{bottom:var(--media-padding-bottom);height:var(--media-padding-height);position:absolute;top:var(--media-padding-top);width:100%}.mNGsUM{transform:scale(var(--scale,1));transition:var(--transform-duration,transform 0s)}.K_YxMd{height:100%;position:relative;width:100%}.bX9O_S{-webkit-clip-path:var(--fill-layer-clip);clip-path:var(--fill-layer-clip)}.Z_wCwr,.bX9O_S{position:absolute;top:0}.Jxk_UL img,.Z_wCwr,.bX9O_S{height:100%;width:100%}.K8MSra{opacity:0}.K8MSra,.YTb3b4{position:absolute;top:0}.YTb3b4{height:0;left:0;overflow:hidden;width:0}.SUz0WK{left:0;pointer-events:var(--fill-layer-background-media-pointer-events);position:var(--fill-layer-background-media-position)}.FNxOn5,.SUz0WK,.m4khSP{height:100%;top:0;width:100%}.FNxOn5{position:absolute}.m4khSP{background-color:var(--fill-layer-background-overlay-color);opacity:var(--fill-layer-background-overlay-blend-opacity-fallback,1);position:var(--fill-layer-background-overlay-position);transform:var(--fill-layer-background-overlay-transform)}@supports(mix-blend-mode:overlay){.m4khSP{mix-blend-mode:var(--fill-layer-background-overlay-blend-mode);opacity:var(--fill-layer-background-overlay-blend-opacity,1)}}._C0cVf{bottom:0;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:100%}.hFwGTD{transform:translateY(-100%);transition:.2s ease-in}.IQgXoP{transition:.2s}.Nr3Nid{opacity:0;transition:.2s ease-in}.Nr3Nid.l4oO6c{z-index:-1!important}.iQuoC4{opacity:1;transition:.2s}.CJF7A2{height:auto}.CJF7A2,.U4Bvut{position:relative;width:100%}:host(:not(.device-mobile-optimized)) .G5K6X8,body:not(.device-mobile-optimized) .G5K6X8{margin-left:calc((100% - var(--site-width))/2);width:var(--site-width)}.xU8fqS[data-focuscycled=active]{outline:1px solid transparent}.xU8fqS[data-focuscycled=active]:not(:focus-within){outline:2px solid transparent;transition:outline .01s ease}.xU8fqS ._4XcTfy{background-color:var(--screenwidth-corvid-background-color,rgba(var(--bg,var(--color_11)),var(--alpha-bg,1)));border-bottom:var(--brwb,0) solid var(--screenwidth-corvid-border-color,rgba(var(--brd,var(--color_15)),var(--alpha-brd,1)));border-top:var(--brwt,0) solid var(--screenwidth-corvid-border-color,rgba(var(--brd,var(--color_15)),var(--alpha-brd,1)));bottom:0;box-shadow:var(--shd,0 0 5px rgba(0,0,0,.7));left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0}.xU8fqS .gUbusX{background-color:rgba(var(--bgctr,var(--color_11)),var(--alpha-bgctr,1));border-radius:var(--rd,0);bottom:var(--brwb,0);top:var(--brwt,0)}.xU8fqS .G5K6X8,.xU8fqS .gUbusX{left:0;position:absolute;right:0}.xU8fqS .G5K6X8{bottom:0;top:0}:host(.device-mobile-optimized) .xU8fqS .G5K6X8,body.device-mobile-optimized .xU8fqS .G5K6X8{left:10px;right:10px}.SPY_vo{pointer-events:none}.BmZ5pC{height:100%;min-height:calc(100vh - var(--wix-ads-height));min-width:var(--site-width);position:var(--bg-position);top:var(--wix-ads-height);width:100%}.zKbzSQ{touch-action:manipulation}.kuTaGy{align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;justify-content:var(--label-align);min-width:100%;text-align:initial;width:-moz-max-content;width:max-content}.kuTaGy:before{max-width:var(--margin-left,0)}.kuTaGy:after,.kuTaGy:before{align-self:stretch;content:"";flex-grow:1}.kuTaGy:after{max-width:var(--margin-right,0)}.R6ex7N{height:100%}.R6ex7N .kuTaGy{border-radius:var(--corvid-border-radius,var(--rd,0));bottom:0;box-shadow:var(--shd,0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.6));left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;transition:var(--trans1,border-color .4s ease 0s,background-color .4s ease 0s)}.R6ex7N .kuTaGy:link,.R6ex7N .kuTaGy:visited{border-color:transparent}.R6ex7N .M3I7Z2{color:var(--corvid-color,rgb(var(--txt,var(--color_15))));font:var(--fnt,var(--font_5));margin:0;position:relative;transition:var(--trans2,color .4s ease 0s);white-space:nowrap}.R6ex7N[aria-disabled=false] .kuTaGy{background-color:var(--corvid-background-color,rgba(var(--bg,var(--color_17)),var(--alpha-bg,1)));border:solid var(--corvid-border-color,rgba(var(--brd,var(--color_15)),var(--alpha-brd,1))) var(--corvid-border-width,var(--brw,0));cursor:pointer!important}:host(.device-mobile-optimized) .R6ex7N[aria-disabled=false]:active .kuTaGy,body.device-mobile-optimized .R6ex7N[aria-disabled=false]:active .kuTaGy{background-color:rgba(var(--bgh,var(--color_18)),var(--alpha-bgh,1));border-color:rgba(var(--brdh,var(--color_15)),var(--alpha-brdh,1))}:host(.device-mobile-optimized) .R6ex7N[aria-disabled=false]:active .M3I7Z2,body.device-mobile-optimized .R6ex7N[aria-disabled=false]:active .M3I7Z2{color:rgb(var(--txth,var(--color_15)))}:host(:not(.device-mobile-optimized)) .R6ex7N[aria-disabled=false]:hover .kuTaGy,body:not(.device-mobile-optimized) .R6ex7N[aria-disabled=false]:hover .kuTaGy{background-color:rgba(var(--bgh,var(--color_18)),var(--alpha-bgh,1));border-color:rgba(var(--brdh,var(--color_15)),var(--alpha-brdh,1))}:host(:not(.device-mobile-optimized)) .R6ex7N[aria-disabled=false]:hover .M3I7Z2,body:not(.device-mobile-optimized) .R6ex7N[aria-disabled=false]:hover .M3I7Z2{color:rgb(var(--txth,var(--color_15)))}.R6ex7N[aria-disabled=true] .kuTaGy{background-color:rgba(var(--bgd,204,204,204),var(--alpha-bgd,1));border-color:rgba(var(--brdd,204,204,204),var(--alpha-brdd,1));border-style:solid;border-width:var(--corvid-border-width,var(--brw,0))}.R6ex7N[aria-disabled=true] .M3I7Z2{color:rgb(var(--txtd,255,255,255))}.U2uNPe{align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;justify-content:var(--label-align);min-width:100%;text-align:initial;width:-moz-max-content;width:max-content}.U2uNPe:before{max-width:var(--margin-left,0)}.U2uNPe:after,.U2uNPe:before{align-self:stretch;content:"";flex-grow:1}.U2uNPe:after{max-width:var(--margin-right,0)}.S3GIZZ[aria-disabled=false] .U2uNPe{cursor:pointer}:host(.device-mobile-optimized) .S3GIZZ[aria-disabled=false]:active .CQ3ICl,body.device-mobile-optimized .S3GIZZ[aria-disabled=false]:active .CQ3ICl{color:rgb(var(--txth,var(--color_15)));transition:var(--trans,color .4s ease 0s)}:host(:not(.device-mobile-optimized)) .S3GIZZ[aria-disabled=false]:hover .CQ3ICl,body:not(.device-mobile-optimized) .S3GIZZ[aria-disabled=false]:hover .CQ3ICl{color:rgb(var(--txth,var(--color_15)));transition:var(--trans,color .4s ease 0s)}.S3GIZZ .U2uNPe{bottom:0;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0}.S3GIZZ .CQ3ICl{color:var(--corvid-color,rgb(var(--txt,var(--color_15))));font:var(--fnt,var(--font_5));transition:var(--trans,color .4s ease 0s);white-space:nowrap}.S3GIZZ[aria-disabled=true] .CQ3ICl{color:rgb(var(--txtd,255,255,255))}.nTOEE9{height:100%;overflow:hidden;width:100%}.nTOEE9.sqUyGm:hover{cursor:url(data:image/png;base64,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),auto}.nTOEE9.C_JY0G:hover{cursor:url(data:image/png;base64,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),auto}.rYiAuL{cursor:pointer}.gSXewE{height:0;left:0;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;top:0;width:0}.j7pOnl{box-sizing:border-box;height:100%;width:100%}.BI8PVQ{min-height:var(--image-min-height);min-width:var(--image-min-width)}.BI8PVQ img{filter:var(--filter-effect-svg-url);-webkit-mask-image:var(--mask-image,none);mask-image:var(--mask-image,none);-webkit-mask-position:var(--mask-position,0);mask-position:var(--mask-position,0);-webkit-mask-repeat:var(--mask-repeat,no-repeat);mask-repeat:var(--mask-repeat,no-repeat);-webkit-mask-size:var(--mask-size,100% 100%);mask-size:var(--mask-size,100% 100%);-o-object-position:var(--object-position);object-position:var(--object-position)}.MazNVa{left:var(--left,auto);position:var(--position-fixed,static);top:var(--top,auto);z-index:var(--z-index,auto)}.MazNVa .BI8PVQ img{box-shadow:0 0 0 #000;position:static;-webkit-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none}.MazNVa .j7pOnl{display:block;overflow:hidden}.MazNVa .BI8PVQ{overflow:hidden}.c7cMWz{bottom:0;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0}.FVGvCX{height:auto;position:relative;width:100%}body:not(.responsive) .zK7MhX{align-self:start;grid-area:1/1/1/1;height:100%;justify-self:stretch;left:0;position:relative}:host(:not(.device-mobile-optimized)) .c7cMWz,body:not(.device-mobile-optimized) .c7cMWz{margin-left:calc((100% - var(--site-width))/2);width:var(--site-width)}.fEm0Bo .c7cMWz{background-color:rgba(var(--bg,var(--color_11)),var(--alpha-bg,1));overflow:hidden}:host(.device-mobile-optimized) .c7cMWz,body.device-mobile-optimized .c7cMWz{left:10px;right:10px}.PFkO7r{bottom:0;left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0}.HT5ybB{height:auto;position:relative;width:100%}body:not(.responsive) .dBAkHi{align-self:start;grid-area:1/1/1/1;height:100%;justify-self:stretch;left:0;position:relative}:host(:not(.device-mobile-optimized)) .PFkO7r,body:not(.device-mobile-optimized) .PFkO7r{margin-left:calc((100% - var(--site-width))/2);width:var(--site-width)}:host(.device-mobile-optimized) .PFkO7r,body.device-mobile-optimized .PFkO7r{left:10px;right:10px}
Alabama State University Yearbooks, Articles G