what is intra row spacing in agriculture

DAP fertilizer was applied at a rate of 100 kgha1, and all other management practices were performed as per the general recommendations for green bean [15]. Borger, C.P.D. Grain yield was significantly highest when crop sown at 45 cm inter row spacing and 15 cm intra row spacing in all the individual years and in pooled results except in pooled results it was at par with 60 and 75 cm . Because raised bed gardens are usually maintained without machinery, rows can be closer. Box 1337, Gondar, Ethiopia, Fogera National Rice Agricultural Research Center, P.O. For example, peanut or mungbean can be dibbled between two adjacent rows of corn. What Is Row Planting and How Crops Are Arranged, is enhanced which increases gas exchanges and prevents excessive humidity, Best Tips to Maintain Tractors for Winter! Study on seed quality and performance of some mung bean varieties in Bangladesh. M.Sc. The wider rows help sorghum to survive and even thrive during short periods of drought. 4 well This is an insect-ea The experimental material used in this experiment was tomato using variety Weyno (semi-indeterminate type). [1] also reported that the tallest plant height was recorded from wider spacing 40cm intrarow spacing than 30cm spacing. Soybean is the grain crop that consistently benefits from narrow row spacing. Ihsanullah F, Taj H, Akbar H, Basir A, Noor U. Debre Berhan University is acknowledged for their financial and material supports. Tomooka N, Vaughan DA, Kaga A. Mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). EverythingAsk.com LTD 2023 All Rights Reserved. It is also employed in monocropping where an alley wide enough to facilitate passage is needed. Each crop has a different CPWC which depends on the intrinsic biology of the crop (or even the variety) and environmental factors. The CPWC can be shortened with narrow rows, which may reduce the reliance on herbicides and/or improve overall weed control. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Input the Total plants and Plants per row to get the total Plant spacing you need for your hedge's length. The fruits were counted at each harvest time, averaged converted to number of marketable fruits per hectare, and expressed in numbersUnmarketable fruit number per hectare: fruits with cracks, rotting, damage by insects, diseases, and birds, and sunburn, as well as extra small-sized fruits, were collected from ten tagged plants and were considered as unmarketable. The combined main effect of intra- and inter-row spacing had a significant (P<0.01) effect on harvest index (Table1). So what about planting crops even further apart? 2, pp. The study was conducted in 2017 main cropping season at two locations in North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia, to determine the optimum inter- and intra-row spacing of mung bean for maximum yield and yield components. [1] who reported that the highest unmarketable fruits were recorded from wider spacing rather than closer spacing. A. O. Gemechis, P. C. Struik, and B. Emana, Tomato production in Ethiopia: constraints and opportunities, 2012, http://www.tropentag.de/2012/abstracts/full/659.pdf. If diseases that are favored by longer periods of leaf moisture are a concern, consider planting resistant cultivars. The fruits were counted at each harvest time and expressed in numbers and converted to number of unmarketable fruits per hectare. [28] who observed that the lowest grain yield was recorded at the highest population. 6:55-59. doi/abs/10.2135/cropsci1966.0011183X000600010017x. The aim of the present study is to compare the intra- and inter-connectivity of the intrinsic networks between a large sample of patients . Since we want equal distance between all plants in the stand, our row spacing will be the same as the spacing between adjacent plants in the row. It is an important wide-spreading, herbaceous and annual legume pulse crop cultivated mostly by traditional farmers [2]. Effect of inter- and intra-row spacing on yield and yield components of mung bean (, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0234-9, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Intra-row spacing and sowing date were respectively allocated to the main and sub-plots while pesticides consisting . Planting insingle rowsis most common inmonocroppingorsole cropping, the growing of a single crop. Thus, a field experiment was conducted at Boloso Sore woreda in Wolaita Zone during 2016 cropping season under irrigation condition to study the effect of different levels of N rate and intra-row spacing on yield, yield components and quality of tobacco. A field experiment was conducted to determine inter- and intrarow plant spacing for yield and yield components of tomato at Shewarobit, central rift valley of Ethiopia, under irrigation condition. The highest fruit diameter (5.7cm) was observed by an interrow spacing of 100cm, and the lowest fruit diameter was recorded by 60cm interrow spacing. This way you can go back between the rows and lightly cultivate for weed control until the crop starts to fill in between the rows. D. Lemma, Tomatoes: Research Experiences and Production Prospects, Research Report No. This planting arrangement is common inmultiple croppingin which two or more crops are grown on the same piece of land. In bananas, both single and multiple row arrangements are practiced. The study was conducted in 2017 main cropping season at two locations in North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia, to determine the optimum inter- and intra-row spacing of mung bean for maximum yield and yield components. Desalegne [6] reported that many varieties of tomato including fresh and processed varieties are popular and economically important vegetable crop in small and large-scale farming. Narrower row spacings reduce the emphasis on herbicides which in turn reduces selection pressure for herbicide-resistant biotypes. Roma VF, at the experimental site of Wollo University, South Wollo, Ethiopia, International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR), vol. Ali MZ, Khan MA, Rahaman AK, Ahmed M, Ahsan AF. An intra- and interrow spacing interaction 2060cm gave the shortest (6.03cm) fruit length (Table 2). It is a distance between seeds in a given row and the distance between several rows. It can move from one place to other. A Corrigendum for this article has been published. 2009;3:87780. Soybean row spacings of 30- to 36- inches are common in some regions of the country due to prevailing equipment setups and production practices, but planting in narrow rows can improve weed control. Profitability: While many new planting and field management strategies appear beneficial overall, the question of profitability will always be of concern. For most crops such as beans, corn, tomatoes, eggplant, peppers, okra, peas and squash, 36-inch row spacing would be the minimum. (2016) Row spacing impacts the critical period for weed control in cotton (. The ideal spacing between the rows in your garden provides ample room for your plants to grow and for you to work in. Planting tomato in closer interrow spacing (60cm) resulted in 50% yield increment than the widest (120cm) space between rows. PubMedGoogle Scholar. The treatments include three intra-row spacing (20 cm, 30 cm and 40, 50 cm). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done using SAS software [16]. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 2008. p. 96103. There is a considerable difference in the life cycle and the duration of maturity in different crops, All crops have a similar life cycle and duration of maturity. Moreover, the interaction effect of intra- and inter-row spacing effect on harvest index was significant (P<0.05) (Table1). Plant Resources of Southeast Asia No. NMSA (National Metrological Services Agency) Bahir Dar Branch. Do gas fireplace doors need to be opened or closed? 3, pp. The field experiment was conducted at Kumer and Kokit areas of Metema District from July to September 2017 in the main cropping season. Optimum plant spacing enhances better utilization of spaces, high yield, and quality production [1]. Metema District is located in North Gondar Zone of Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. If, however, the intra-row has much miss-spacing, it may indicate low-vigor seeds or a poorly adjusted machine. inter and intra-row spacing competition (Ali et al., 1999). TT and DT were involved in analysis, methodology, writing, reviewing and editing of research proposal and manuscript. A. Muhammad and A. Singh, Intra-row spacing and pruning effects on fresh tomato yield in Sudan Savanna of Nigeria, Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. Box 1937, Woreta, Ethiopia, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Res J Agric Environ Manag. Crop Management 5(1). Corn does best when planted in at least two rows within a few feet of each other for good pollination. According to their report, high number of marketable and unmarketable fruit yield per plot was attributed to having less computation for water and nutrients in wider spacing than in closer ones. Asian J Plant Sci. (2006) A review of the effects of row spacing on weed management in corn and soybean. And researchers must overcome these challenges before any long flights and permanent habitats in, Big plants such as corn, cucumbers, squash and carrots. Join the GROW community to receive information on IWM strategies that really work, right to your inbox. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. What is difference between mixed cropping and intercropping? IV; 2016. Planting of the intercrop between two adjacent hills within the same row of the main crop allows interrow cultivation but the intercrop has limited exposure to sunlight. volume7, Articlenumber:84 (2018) Plant density is determined either by seed rate (for broadcast planting) or by inter- and intra- row spacing (for row planting). How do you calculate the spacing of a plant population? Days to 50% flowering: when the flowering was noticed in the 50% of the plants per plot, it was considered as 50 percent flowering and days taken to this stage were considered as days to 50 percent flowering and expressed in number. In narrow rows, both weed species produced less than five seeds per plant 60 days after wheat emergence (versus over 900 seeds per weed plant in wide row treatments). Somta P, Srinives P. Genome research in mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) and black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper). High unmarketable fruit yield was recorded from closer spacing. This result was in line with Malek et al. This result is in line with Samih [19] who reported that when beans are planted at the lower planting densities, the plants required more number of days for flowering. 2002;1(4):3289. With wider rows there is less shading of the ground and weeds densities are often higher; lack of crop shading allows weeds to grow taller and for relatively longer periods of time. when was ain't added to the merriam webster dictionary On the other hand, shortest fruit length recorded from the interaction of closer spacing of 2060cm could be due to the impact of competition for nutrients and water in closer spacing, which favours the formation of short fruits as the nutrient is not optimum enough to give good fruit length. Precision agriculture has emerged as an approach to apply inputs at the right place and rate in the field, and as close as possible to the optimum crop growth stage. [16] who indicated that higher number of marketable fruits is obtained on closer spacing. spp) demographics in glyphosate-resistant soybean. Experiments were conducted at the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, in Morioka, Iwate Prefecture, Japan (3944N, 1417E), in 2016 and 2017. . The author has an hindex of 1, co-authored 1 publication(s) receiving 40 citation(s). Hence, it may produce large-sized fruits, as there will be sufficient light and available nutrients for plants. Intrarow spacing 30cm recorded higher fruit diameter and the lowest was from an intrarow spacing of 20cm. The data was recorded from inner 8, 5, 4 and 3 rows in plots having an inter row spacing of We would like to acknowledge Gondar Agricultural Research Center for providing seed and equipment for measuring various traits. A field trial was conducted during the 2009/2010 cropping season at the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching and Research Farm at Dabagi to investigate the effects of inter and intra row spacing on the growth and fodder yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp Variety Kanannado). The authors want to declare that they can submit the data at whatever time based on your request. Madras Agric J. 12, no. Utilizing a drill seeder to plant in narrow rows may lead to an increase in seeding rate. Movement within the crop area is more convenient and allows close inspection of individual plants; 6. Hence, profitability will likewise vary. The crop is characterized by fast growth under warm conditions, low water requirement and excellent soil fertility enhancement via nitrogen fixation [8]. However, the result of economic analysis showed that the maximum net benefit was obtained at spacing of 4015cm. (2023 Helpful Guide). Asian Plant Sci J. This could be the reason for the nonsignificant result obtained in this planting distance. (1966) Interception of solar radiation and dry matter production by various soybean planting patterns. The data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS), version 9.2 (2009). 103119, 2008. This study provides evidence that inter- and intra-row spacing has influence on the phenology, growth, yield and yield components of mung bean. De Bruin JL, Pedersen P. Effect of row spacing and seeding rate on soybean yield in the Upper Midwest. Best 2023 Expert! It is about the distance between crops. The combined analysis showed main effect and their interaction effect of inter- and intra-row spacing which were highly significantly (P<0.01) affected on grain yield of mung bean (Table1). Plant spacing is one of the agronomic factors which significantly affect tomato production. SAS Version 9.1 20012002. Crop variety register. This result was in line with El Naim et al. Am J Agric Biol Sci. With so many options available, it can be challenging to know what plants to add to your home garden that will look beautiful and help the environment. : existing, occurring, or used between rows interrow cultivation equipment interrow spacing. The high number of plants per unit area increased flower clusters which increased number of fruits. If they are too close together, it can be difficult for farmers to get around the garden to weed, spray pesticides, or inspect the crop. 12. Under What Conditions? According to the homogeneity test, all parameters were homogenous except the number of branches per plant and number of pods per plant. Spacing 22x9.5 cm resulted in 26.85 tons per hectare production, which had attractive marketable bulb diameter and weight. In Ethiopia, tomato is the main source of income and food security in most rift valley areas. Not applicable since the study involved mung bean plants. *Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc., or its affiliates. It ranks next to potato in the area of cultivation, and it is the first as a processing crop among vegetables [4]. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. A. Bello, Effect of different spacing and urea application rates on fruit nutrient composition, growth and yield of tomato in derived savannah vegetation of Kogi state, Nigeria, American Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Its requirement in growing in areas where the rainy season is short, and its wide adaptability together with its digestibility makes mung bean cultivated all over the world [3]. [22] who reported that the number of branches per plant was reduced with the increase in plant density. (2015) MidSouth soybean yield and net return as affected by plant population and row spacing. Read more here. A long-term study in wheat has demonstrated that narrowing row spacing from 6 or 9 inches to 4 inches increased wheats competitiveness against goosegrass and gardencress. Lemlem HG. The distance between the seeds in a row and between the rows is called seed spacing. Opposite to these results, Agele et al. Plant height (cm): the plant height was measured from the base of the plants to the terminal growing point of the main stem at the end of the third harvest. N. Ara, M. Bashar, S. Begum, and S. Kakon, Effect of spacing and stem pruning on the growth and yield of tomato, International Journal of Sustainable Crop Production, vol. At higher. This result was in line with Abuzar et al. It is therefore important to know the limits of each crop, and space accordingly both between and within rows. Results of the economic analysis of the present experiment showed that the maximum net benefit of Ethiopian birr (ETB) 22,185.7ha1 with an acceptable marginal rate of return (MRR) (>100%) was obtained from planting of mung bean with 4015cm spacing (Table9). Planting with an intrarow spacing of 20cm resulted in a higher yield of 35.96% and 36.97% compared to 30 and 40cm planting distance, respectively. CSA (Central Statistical Authority). Lambert, D.M., Lowenberg-DeBoer, J. 91, no. Farmers may have the opportunity to decrease seed and labor cost and to increase mung bean yield and ultimately improve their livelihoods through adopting the appropriate management practices. Cloudflare Ray ID: 7c057790a979916b J. K. Kirimi, F. M. Itulya, and V. N. Mwaja, Effects of nitrogen and spacing on fruit yield of tomato, African Journal of Horticultural Science, vol. Row spacing in raised bed gardens is often closer than in traditional plowed gardens. Papaya can also be planted in double rows with a spacing of (3.25 + 1.75) m x 2.4 m or (2.5 + 1.5) m x 2 m (Verheij EWM, Coronel RE (eds.). This research was conducted in the Debre Berhan University research and demonstration site which is classified as vertosol. The ideal spacing between the rows in your garden provides ample room for your plants to grow and for you to work in. Based on agronomic performance and economic analysis, use of 4015cm is promising for mung bean production in Metema District and similar agroecologies. Your IP: Minh NP. Thus, it is very imperative to deploy University of Gondar is also acknowledged for accepting AB as a Master of Science student in Agronomy discipline. Effect of row spacing on the agronomic traits and yield of mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Bukidnon, Phils. However, the production and productivity were affected by poor nutrition and fertilizer management, inappropriate interrow spacings, and the poor genetic makeup of the crops in Ethiopia. The experiment revealed that average yield of Megeri increased when intra row spacing decreased. Walking barefoot through soft grass is one of lifes greatest joys the warmth of the ground, the tickling of the blades of grass on your feet, toes wriggling free from the confinement of shoes it is just spectacular. The increase in yield was variety-dependent, thus suggesting that the genetic potential of the varieties needs to be considered when using plant density to increase yields. J Agric Sci Technol. Paul Pugliese is the Agriculture and Natural Resources agent for the University of Georgia Extension office in Bartow County. How can you remove stains from knotty pine? However, closer space between row and plant (25 x 15cm) prolonged maturity days. Farmers in some moisture stress areas of Ethiopia effectively use and produce it to supplement their protein needs [9]. The planting and post-planting operations were conducted according to recommended agronomic practices. 6 How does inter row spacing affect plant height? P. Singh, K. Singh, C. Yadav, and J. Ganga, Effect of intra-row spacing and pruning on yield, water use and economics of tomato production under naturally ventilated bamboo polyhouse, Pantnagar Journal of Research, vol. The interaction between closer distance between rows and within plants (25 x 15 cm) recorded maximum (166.75) days to maturity, followed by 25 x 22cm (162.95 days) and 35 x 15cm (161.85 days) respectively. Abstract: An experiment was conducted on the effects of the intra-row spacing on the yield and yield components of potato cultivars in Wolkite University College of agriculture and natural resource. Similarly, 20100 resulted in higher fruit length with no significant difference to other interaction effects of inter- and intrarow spacing. Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc.; 2002. Fruit length (cm): the fruit length of 10 randomly selected marketable fruits from each plot at each harvest was measured using a caliper meter, and their average is expressed as fruit length. Harder, D.B., Sprague, C.L., Renner, K.A. This could be due to variability in the soil type and differences in the growing environment. [25] who stated that no significant effect of different row spacing and plant densities on pod length of mung bean. What is ROPS on a Tractor? Seed spacing small: Place eight plants and seeds on each square foot in two rows. El-Noemani AA, El-Zeiny HA, El-Gindy AM, Sahhar EA, El-Shawadfy MA. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) belongs to the Solanaceae family, and it is amongst the main important and popular vegetables. Rate this post by clicking on a star above, Precision agriculture is a method of applying inputs at the correct rate and place in the field to achieve the best crop growth stage. From agronomic data to farmer recommendations: an economics training manual. Fruit diameter was significantly (<0.05) affected (<0.01) by the main effect of interrow and intrarow spacing (Table 1), whereas the interaction effect of intra- and interrow spacing was not significant. Planting was done when there was adequate soil moisture in the field. How many atoms particles are in a nucleus? Metema has latitude, longitude and elevation of 124738N, 362341E and 760m above sea level, respectively. Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. The soil type is sandy loam and reddish brown color. In plot length of 9.0 metre the number of plants will be 15, 12 and 10 at 60, 75 and 90 cm spacing respectively. What is the distance between rows of plants? Factorial combinations of four inter-rows (20, 30, 40 and 50cm) and three intra-rows (5, 10 and 15cm) spacing were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. 2011;21(4):6925. Gondar Agricultural Research Center, P.O. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Similar result was reported by Khan et al. How can you prune an espalier tree of apple trees in summer? Crop spacing refers to the number of crops that can be planted in one area. 5, no. Common row spacing in these environments is 36-40 inches but can go as wide as 60 inches. Different factors affecting to mung bean (Phaseolus aureus) tofu production. 5, pp. These results clearly indicated that farmers may lose much more yield if they do not use appropriate planting distance. All new works based on this websites resources will carry the same license, so any derivatives will also allow commercial use. Crop geometry refers to the shape of the space available for individual plants. Performance of some bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) varieties under different irrigation systems and regimes. It has an average annual rainfall of 1007mm, with short rain between March and April and long rain between June and September and annual mean minimum and maximum temperatures of 16.5 and 31C, respectively [11]. The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. All Rights Reserved. Narrow row corn and cotton have not shown to have a consistent benefit for weed control. [21] reported that the onset of flowering and 50% flowering date were significantly earlier as plant density decreased. Therefore we can use the equation for equidistant spacing to determine the theoretically optimum row spacing. Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) is one of the most important pulse crops, grown from tropical to subtropical areas around the world [1]. Abate S. Effects of irrigation frequency and plant population density on growth, yield components and yield of haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Dire Dawa area. Each treatment was duplicated three times making 36 experimental units with a treatment combination of 12. This might be due to higher inter- and intrarow competition for resources such as light, water, and nutrients. 4 What are the two methods of sowing seed? Similarly, increasing the intra row spacing revealed a peak seed yield at More than 50% yield variation was also obtained when closer interrow spacing (60cm) was used compared to the widest (120cm) space between rows. , ter plant. A combination of intra-row spacing, sowing date, and pesticides on M. vitrata was carried out during the rainy seasons of 2015 and 2016 respectively in Katsina, towards developing an integrated pest management on cowpea. This plant looks like an umbrella. Number of primary branches per plant: the number of primary branches of randomly selected 10 plants from each plot was recorded. The treatment comprises of three intrarow spacing (20, 30, and 40 cm) and four interrow spacing (60, 80, 100 . How does inter row spacing affect plant height? The experiment was conducted at Shewarobit, Kewet (Figure 1) district of North Shewa zone, Amhara national regional state. (2023 Edition), NTTL Tractor Test: What You Must Know! The highest adjusted grain yield of 1882.67kgha1 was obtained at interaction of 4010cm, while the lowest adjusted grain yields of 1367.83 and 1401.5kgha1 were obtained at interaction of 205cm and 5015cm inter- and intra-row spacing, respectively (Table7). What is the difference in seed spacing and plant spacing? Afr Biotechnol J. Combinations of researches on inter- and intra-row spacing is lacking in boosting productivity of mung bean in northwestern Ethiopia. Staggered rows incurred higher planting costs, but increased net returns to management. Animal and Plant Health Regulatory Directorate, Issue No. Inappropriate spacing is one of the major problems in tomato production at the study area. From This result is in line with that of Maboko et al. Some gardeners prefer slightly wider rows for certain crops like okra because its just a pain, literally, to have to harvest without some headroom. The tallest (112cm) and shortest (73cm) plant height found in plants grown in 20100cm and 2060cm planting distance, respectively (Table 2). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0234-9, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0234-9. The treatments include three intra-row spacing (20 cm, 30 cm and 40, 50 cm). The experiment was laid out using split-split plot design. Similarly, other findings confirm the highest marketable yield obtained from closer plant spacing [14, 15]. The partial budget analysis as described by CIMMYT [18] was done to determine the economic feasibility. The world annual production area of mung bean is about 5.5 million hectare with a increase in rate of 2.5% per annum [4]. Marketable fruit number per hectare: those fruits from the ten tagged plants, which were free from visible damage, insect pest, diseases and not extra small-sized (>20g), were considered as marketable. Marketable fruit number per hectare: those fruits from the ten tagged plants, which were free from visible damage, insect pest, diseases and not extra small-sized (>20g), were considered as marketable. The interaction of intra- and interrow spacing of 20120cm resulted in higher plant height. Highly competitive weeds that grow rapidly during this period can cause significant yield reduction even at low densities; wide-row spacing exacerbates the problem. It is best to allow at least 18 to 36 inches between each row of plants. The maximum plant height (79.83 cm) was recorded at inter-row spacing of 20, 30 and 40 cm (Table 2 ). Interaction effect of inter- and intrarow spacing on plant height and fruit length of tomato. Closer spaced crops tend to shade out competing weeds once the crop leaves begin to form a canopy over the middle of the rows.
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